List of the Top 25 Automated Market Makers (AMM) for Solana in 2025

Phantom offers a secure and easy-to-use platform for managing the storage, transfer, receipt, staking, and swapping of tokens on the Solana blockchain. Users can interact with blockchain applications directly from their favorite web browsers, all while keeping their data and assets completely private and secure. The integrated decentralized exchange (DEX) enables users to swap tokens efficiently and at attractive rates. We also place a strong emphasis on the visual appeal of NFTs, ensuring they are aesthetically pleasing. For enhanced security, Phantom supports connections to hardware wallets, making it a robust choice for users seeking additional protection. Explore the vast ecosystem of blockchain applications on Solana and effortlessly earn staking rewards through your wallet. Our commitment lies in the conviction that outstanding design and a positive user experience are crucial for making cryptocurrency accessible to a wider audience. Phantom works by handling private keys for users, which allows for secure storage of funds and efficient transaction signing. Moreover, the extension improves the functionality of every web application by injecting a Solana object into the JavaScript context for smoother user interactions. By focusing on user experience and practicality, Phantom aims to transform the way individuals engage with the blockchain, paving the way for a more inclusive approach to cryptocurrency usage. This dedication to innovation and design sets Phantom apart in the rapidly evolving world of digital finance.

Raydium functions as an automated market maker (AMM) on the Solana blockchain and leverages the centralized order book from the Serum decentralized exchange (DEX) to enable swift transactions, shared liquidity, and innovative yield opportunities. Unlike typical AMM DEXs and DeFi platforms that can only access liquidity from their own pools, Raydium connects to a central order book, significantly improving trading capabilities. Many decentralized platforms are primarily built on Ethereum, where users frequently encounter slow transaction times and high gas fees. By utilizing the power of Solana, Raydium performs transactions with remarkable speed and minimal gas costs compared to those on Ethereum. This connection with Serum's central limit order book allows Raydium users to access the vast liquidity and order flow provided by the entire Serum ecosystem. Additionally, traders can enhance their experience by using TradingView charts, setting limit orders, and exercising more control over their trading strategies. The combination of these features positions Raydium as a formidable player in the DeFi landscape, attracting users seeking efficiency and flexibility in their trading endeavors. As the DeFi sector continues to evolve, Raydium's unique advantages may further solidify its relevance and appeal among crypto enthusiasts.

Atlas DEX functions as a decentralized aggregator for cross-chain trading, allowing users to seamlessly swap cryptocurrencies between various blockchain networks. By automatically sourcing the best prices from numerous decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and automated market makers (AMMs), Atlas minimizes slippage during trades. The platform supports trading any token across different blockchains, leveraging permissionless bridges to provide users with greater flexibility. Users can also divide their trades among multiple liquidity pools to obtain the most favorable rates while further reducing slippage. Thanks to the efficiency of the Solana blockchain, transactions are executed quickly and at minimal cost. Currently, Atlas DEX enables swaps not only from Solana to Ethereum but also to Binance Smart Chain (BSC) and Polygon, highlighting its versatility. Simply connecting their wallets and choosing their desired trading pairs allows users to rely on Atlas DEX to manage the entire trading process efficiently. Additionally, the integration of Solana's Wormhole technology strengthens the bridging of tokens, ensuring a secure and decentralized transaction experience. This innovative approach not only fosters user confidence in the trading system but also contributes to a more reliable and robust trading environment across multiple chains. As traders navigate the complexities of the crypto landscape, Atlas DEX stands out as a user-friendly solution for maximizing trading potential.

Coin98 Wallet emerges as a leading non-custodial multi-chain wallet and DeFi gateway, designed to seamlessly connect users with the world of cryptocurrency while prioritizing safety and security. This cutting-edge wallet boasts a variety of sophisticated features aimed at enhancing the user experience significantly, including the capability to manage numerous digital assets simultaneously with remarkable ease and convenience. Users benefit from a distinctive “always-connected” experience, which allows them to effortlessly access multiple DeFi services across various blockchains at the same time. Furthermore, Coin98 Wallet offers users the ability to optimize their transaction fees and speeds, enabling them to customize their transaction fees through a gas bar, thereby making it an all-encompassing tool for crypto enthusiasts. By incorporating these features, Coin98 Wallet not only simplifies the management of cryptocurrencies but also enriches the overall trading experience for its users, ensuring that they stay ahead in the fast-paced crypto landscape. Its innovative approach empowers users to make informed decisions, fostering a deeper engagement with the decentralized finance ecosystem.

Serum serves as a decentralized exchange (DEX) and ecosystem that is distinguished by its exceptional speed and low transaction costs in the realm of decentralized finance. Built on the Solana blockchain, it functions without constraints and incorporates full limit order books, mimicking the user interfaces of traditional centralized exchanges. Traders can anticipate execution and settlement times that are measured in fractions of a second, with transaction fees that are notably lower than those found in other DEX alternatives, at merely $0.00001 per transaction. The Serum initiative is focused on establishing a fully functional decentralized exchange that supports trustless cross-chain trading, aligning with the speed and cost expectations of its user base. While primarily anchored on Solana, Serum will also ensure interoperability with Ethereum, broadening its operational capabilities. The SRM token will be integrally tied to the Serum ecosystem and will include a buy/burn mechanism linked to transaction fees, adding further value for users. This allows for seamless asset exchanges across various chains without the need for trusted intermediaries, which is a significant departure from numerous existing systems that rely on such entities for asset swaps. Furthermore, Serum guarantees a decentralized automated full limit order book that promotes efficient trading across both Ethereum and Solana networks, in addition to facilitating physically settled cross-chain contracts, thereby enriching the trading experience for participants. Ultimately, with its cutting-edge approach, Serum is strategically positioned to emerge as a frontrunner in the rapidly evolving decentralized finance sector, paving the way for future innovations.

OpenOcean is recognized as the leading full aggregator in the cryptocurrency sector, integrating liquidity from both decentralized finance (DeFi) and centralized finance (CeFi) to enable fluid trading experiences. Our objective is to establish an all-encompassing platform that connects the diverse domains of DeFi and CeFi, cultivating an inclusive ecosystem that serves a wide range of users within today's fragmented market landscape. We aim to empower individual traders and institutional investors alike, providing them with the capability to execute trades at the best possible prices while tailoring their investment strategies across various crypto asset categories. By reducing slippage, OpenOcean guarantees that crypto traders can secure the most competitive prices available in the market. Our pioneering protocol utilizes an enhanced Dijkstra algorithm, referred to as D-star, which adeptly manages routing across multiple platforms to offer superior rates. Additionally, OpenOcean consistently assesses the best available prices on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and centralized exchanges (CEXs), ensuring that users can place their orders at the most favorable rates, thereby significantly improving their trading journey. This unwavering dedication to optimizing trading results solidifies OpenOcean's position as an indispensable resource for anyone navigating the vibrant cryptocurrency landscape, paving the way for enhanced user engagement and satisfaction.

Solanium stands out as the leading platform for individuals involved with the Solana blockchain ecosystem. Users are given the opportunity to invest in the most promising Solana projects, stake their tokens, utilize our decentralized exchange (DEX) for trading, manage their Solana wallets, and participate in future governance initiatives. Additionally, we have incorporated liquidity on Raydium, which allows for the seamless trading of the SLIM token through our user-friendly swapping interface! For Solana enthusiasts, Solanium is truly the go-to hub. You can take part in public fundraising initiatives for top projects, stake your SLIM or SLIM-LP tokens to earn xSLIM, and enjoy the many benefits of our vibrant community. Holding xSLIM grants you access to fee distributions and airdrops, as well as unique privileges in our liquidity pools determined by your tier, governance voting rights, and other exclusive rewards. Our cutting-edge staking strategy combines the amount of tokens you stake with a customizable lock period, ensuring that we uphold the most fair and inclusive launchpad in the industry, while also encouraging participation from all types of investors. Furthermore, Solanium's commitment to innovation helps to foster a thriving ecosystem for both new and seasoned users alike.

Bonfida is an innovative platform providing decentralized identity solutions through the Solana Name Service (SNS), enabling users to create human-readable identities on the Solana blockchain. By replacing complex public keys with custom domain names, Bonfida makes it easier for users to interact within the Web3 ecosystem, improving both usability and efficiency. The platform offers various tools, including wallet integration guides, developer SDKs, and SNS domain management, to help both individual users and developers navigate their digital identities. Bonfida’s mission is to give users full ownership of their identities, ensuring they can manage them in a censorship-resistant and decentralized manner. With Bonfida, users have control over their digital presence, reducing reliance on centralized authorities and enhancing privacy in Web3 interactions. The platform provides a seamless solution for those seeking to streamline their Web3 experience while maintaining complete ownership and security of their online identity. As decentralized identity solutions become more critical in the Web3 space, Bonfida is leading the charge in creating a more user-friendly and efficient system for managing digital identities.

Solster has launched its first DeFi offering, an IDO launchpad specifically designed for projects on the Solana blockchain, which ensures guaranteed token allocations for users, features an automated token claiming system, and includes a decentralized KYC process. This platform is created to help investors broaden their decentralized finance (DeFi) portfolios effectively. Beyond the IDO launchpad, the Solster ecosystem also includes a decentralized exchange (DEX) for trading cryptocurrencies, as well as tools for token swapping, staking, vesting, and a lottery system. Our main focus is on improving user experience through cutting-edge launchpad features, a simplified token sale process, a user-friendly trading interface on the DEX, and a clear, decentralized lottery framework that incorporates legacy pooled giveaways and subscription options, all underpinned by excellent customer support. We are dedicated to nurturing a thriving DeFi community while exploring the expansive DeFi landscape in collaboration with Solana. Furthermore, utilizing Serum and Bonfida, the Solster ecosystem is built on the Solana blockchain, aiming to make decentralized finance both fast and equitable, ensuring accessibility for all users. In our pursuit of innovation and active community involvement, we aspire to establish new benchmarks within the DeFi sector, paving the way for future advancements.

SOLPAD is recognized as the first-ever Multichain IDO platform specifically designed for Solana, enabling projects to obtain funding through a decentralized model. The platform aims to emerge as the premier IDO destination by incorporating all major Layer 1 blockchains. Utilizing a pooled mechanism, SolPAD guarantees fair access for participants eager to take part in upcoming IDOs by simply staking the SOLPAD token. Furthermore, our built-in decentralized exchange, Solswap, permits immediate listing for projects that have been incubated on SolPad, ensuring a seamless transition into the market. It is developed to operate as a multichain DEX, bridging connections between Solana and other blockchain networks, including a bidirectional decentralized connection for ERC-20 and SPL tokens that links BSC and Solana. The recent launch of the SolPAD Bridge on the testnet opens up new possibilities, and we encourage users to test this innovative feature while discovering the exciting future of SolPAD Finance as we work toward delivering optimal solutions within the DeFi space. Our commitment at SolPad is to streamline the entry process into decentralized finance by providing a comprehensive platform for token launches, ultimately empowering both creators and investors to thrive in their financial journeys. As we continue to evolve, we also aspire to enhance user experience and broaden our offerings within the DeFi ecosystem.

Saber emerges as the leading platform for trading cross-chain stablecoins and wrapped assets on the Solana blockchain. It allows users to execute trades with low slippage, even during high-volume transactions, while ensuring that liquidity providers benefit from high capital efficiency. Users can quickly swap stable pairs with minimal slippage and fees, facilitating secure exchanges between crypto assets of similar value. Moreover, participants have the opportunity to earn returns through transaction fees and liquidity incentives, among other advantages. The automated market maker utilized by Saber is meticulously crafted to reduce impermanent loss, thereby improving the overall trading experience. With a significant amount of on-chain liquidity, users can engage in both earning and trading stablecoins effortlessly. As a vital element of the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, Saber integrates seamlessly with various applications and protocols built on Solana. Saber Labs is instrumental in driving the evolution of Saber, further establishing its reputation as the leading cross-chain stablecoin exchange on the Solana network. By providing a solid liquidity framework for stablecoins—cryptocurrencies designed to hold a stable value against assets like the US dollar or bitcoin—Saber enables users to optimize their trading strategies effectively. Reflecting its commitment to innovation, Saber is transforming the dynamics of stablecoin transactions within the DeFi landscape, ensuring that users have access to an efficient and user-friendly trading environment. In doing so, it not only enhances user experience but also contributes to the overall growth and vitality of the DeFi ecosystem.

Participate in trading on all on-chain platforms, including order books, while exercising full control over your assets. Experience permissionless access with leverage options reaching up to 5x. Your deposits can earn interest, and you can secure fully collateralized loans based on your current assets. The risk management framework of the Mango protocol allows for efficient withdrawal of borrowed funds. Mango's vision is to merge the liquidity and ease of use found in centralized finance with the advanced innovations present in decentralized finance. Our project is fully open source, encouraging anyone to engage with and improve upon it. Each aspect of the Mango protocol promotes transparency and collaboration within the community. Users have the freedom to run, modify, and contribute to this initiative led by its community. Liquidators are essential in protecting lenders' capital, ensuring that the protocol's assets stay secure even during swift market changes and potential defaults by borrowers. Explore the concepts of market making on the Mango protocol, and earn $MNGO as a reward for supplying liquidity to traders using Mango Markets. We warmly welcome new contributors to join our efforts! Furthermore, we are committed to allocating a substantial portion of the DAO's power and resources to future contributors, thereby nurturing a thriving and fair community that benefits all participants. In this way, the Mango protocol not only supports individual traders but also encourages collective growth and innovation.

Experience rapid transactions, low fees, and user-friendly design all on a single decentralized exchange (DEX). With fees as low as $0.00001 and transaction completion in less than a second, users also have the chance to collect unique marine-themed digital assets. Orca provides built-in price comparisons with CoinGecko, establishing itself as the most user-friendly platform for trading cryptocurrencies on the Solana blockchain. This enables users to easily swap tokens while benefiting from lower costs and faster speeds than those found on Ethereum-based DEXs, all while ensuring competitive rates. Furthermore, users can contribute liquidity to trading pools and receive a share of the trading fees generated. In the quest to enhance blockchain scalability, Solana stands out with its ability to process 50,000 transactions each second, achieve block times of 400 milliseconds, and keep transaction fees at a mere $0.00001. We have consistently admired the innovative drive, clear vision, and technical prowess of the Solana team, which strengthens our conviction that Solana will be at the forefront of future blockchain advancements. Overall, Orca enhances the trading experience by utilizing the powerful capabilities of the Solana network, making it a preferred option for cryptocurrency aficionados. With its combination of efficiency and user engagement features, Orca is set to redefine how users approach trading in the decentralized finance landscape.

We are proud to unveil the first-ever mobile DEX application powered by Serum, which features a fully decentralized automated limit order book. Users will enjoy an exceptional experience, thanks to an interface that mirrors the familiar layout of centralized exchanges, promoting ease of navigation. With rapid transaction speeds and low fees, this platform ensures that trading is both efficient and economical. Built with a focus on community governance, the app is hosted and managed by its users, fostering a collaborative environment. It also provides secure storage for SPL tokens, simplifying asset management for traders. Specifically designed for the DeFi ecosystem, the application enables users to borrow assets, stake, and earn yields directly from their mobile wallets, enhancing their financial strategies. Furthermore, Slope introduces a specialized NFT experience centered around SOLANA, adding a unique dimension to the cryptocurrency landscape. Users can obtain Slope NFTs through an immersive "Mystery Box" gamification feature, which elevates user engagement and excitement. In addition, the Slope wallet allows users to effortlessly manage and display their NFTs, further enriching their journey within the decentralized finance ecosystem. This innovative approach not only enhances trading but also creates a vibrant community around digital assets.

Participate in trading on the Stellar Decentralized Exchange via StellarTerm, an open-source client that grants users access to the Stellar network. With StellarTerm, individuals can easily send, receive, and trade a range of assets within the Stellar ecosystem. It is crucial to understand that StellarTerm functions exclusively as a client and does not oversee the operations of the Stellar network itself. Created by Ultra Stellar, LLC, which is also responsible for the LOBSTR wallet, StellarTerm operates independently of the Stellar Development Foundation. The software is distributed under the Apache-2.0 license and comes without any warranties or guarantees. Furthermore, StellarTerm does not serve as a custodian for your assets, meaning it does not hold tokens, cryptocurrencies, or private keys on your behalf. Engaging in cryptocurrency investments comes with inherent market risks and volatility; thus, past performance should not be viewed as a predictor of future results. It is essential to conduct comprehensive research before using trading platforms and to fully understand the associated risks involved. Always stay informed and make educated decisions while navigating the cryptocurrency landscape.

Saros Finance presents a holistic array of decentralized finance solutions on the Solana blockchain, built around three key elements: SarosSwap, an automated market maker; SarosFarm; and SarosStake, with SarosSwap being the fundamental pillar of the ecosystem. With a focus on various protocols, Saros Finance seeks to create a powerful super-network that attracts both developers and users to the Solana environment. It offers a fully decentralized and permissionless platform where individuals can effortlessly swap, stake, and invest, enjoying the advantages of low fees and high efficiency. The platform is engineered to deliver outstanding performance by processing transactions at scale while maintaining strong security and decentralization standards. Additionally, it supports ultra-fast transactions that exhibit minimal latency, addressing the demands of its expanding user community. As the DeFi landscape continues to evolve, Saros Finance distinguishes itself as a crucial entity, paving the way for future innovations in the sector. Its commitment to enhancing user experience further solidifies its reputation as a leader in decentralized finance solutions.

Solar emerges as the first decentralized finance exchange in the United States utilizing the Solana network, providing users with a smooth platform for token trading. To protect investors, Solar takes proactive measures against rug pulls by implementing smart contracts that guarantee liquidity is secured for at least three months. This forward-thinking strategy not only bolsters user trust but also contributes to a more stable and secure trading atmosphere. Furthermore, Solar's commitment to transparency and security sets a benchmark for other platforms in the rapidly evolving DeFi landscape.

An exchange that is both decentralized and scalable, overseen by the decentralized finance community and constructed on the Solana blockchain, is capturing attention in the rapidly changing world of cryptocurrency. Digital currencies continue to be an intriguing investment avenue, presenting opportunities for substantial returns through trading or holding assets over the long term. Soldex.ai operates continuously, utilizing machine learning and neural networks to execute trades efficiently, free from human emotional influences, enabling users to feel at ease as the system handles their cryptocurrency portfolios. Recent research reveals that the global user base for cryptocurrencies has surpassed 100 million, with even older demographics increasingly interested in Bitcoin. The core mission of SOLDEX Academy is to cultivate a vibrant and resilient Solana DeFi community, acting as an educational hub that provides newcomers with vital insights into Solana and decentralized finance, including its core concepts and methodologies. Through these educational initiatives, we aspire to empower users to confidently explore this thrilling digital environment while enhancing their understanding of market dynamics. As the landscape evolves, the importance of such knowledge becomes ever more critical for both new and seasoned investors alike.

Dexlab functions as a decentralized exchange focused on minting and listing tokens from prominent Solana projects. By providing a token minting lab, a launchpad, and a dedicated DEX for token listings, it streamlines the launch process on the Solana blockchain. Essentially, Dexlab serves as an all-encompassing DEX platform that allows users to create Solana-based tokens easily, without the need for any programming expertise. Leveraging the Serum Decentralized Exchange's central order book, it facilitates swift transactions, collective liquidity, and cutting-edge monetization options. Although the SPL CLI is the primary tool for creating and managing Solana tokens, it does not adequately connect various components like environment settings, token sales, market listings, and token information. In contrast, Dexlab's user-friendly graphical interface enables users to manage these configurations effortlessly, empowering them to perform a range of tasks from token creation to adjusting utility settings. The platform’s features not only enhance user experience but also establish Dexlab as an essential tool for navigating the intricacies of the Solana ecosystem, attracting both seasoned developers and newcomers alike.

Despite the decentralized nature of cryptocurrency, centralized derivatives exchanges still enjoy a notable edge due to their speed, user familiarity, and overall reliability. At present, decentralized exchanges (DEXs) struggle to match this level of operational efficiency. Challenges like high slippage for substantial trades, steep gas fees for cross-chain transfers, and limited liquidity that leads to poor pricing are common issues. Drift aspires to transform this landscape by providing a sophisticated trading experience that mirrors that of centralized platforms while remaining within a decentralized ecosystem. Our dedicated team consists of experienced traders and developers from both the decentralized finance (DeFi) sector and traditional finance, working together to realize this ambitious vision. By harnessing the low-latency features of Solana's blockchain, Drift enables users to manage multiple trading positions using a single pool of collateral. This structure facilitates instant liquidity upon listing and allows for rapid trade execution. When users interact with Drift’s virtual Automated Market Maker (vAMM), they can see the precise prices at which their trades are executed, promoting transparency and efficiency throughout the trading process. In essence, this initiative marks a substantial advancement towards closing the divide between centralized and decentralized trading platforms, thereby enhancing the overall trading experience for users.

BloctoSwap is notable for being the first decentralized exchange (DEX) to operate on the Flow Network. Functioning as an automated market maker (AMM), it allows users to trade cryptocurrencies conveniently via the Blocto wallet, which promotes effortless transactions throughout the Flow ecosystem. This pioneering platform marks a considerable leap forward for decentralized finance within the Flow ecosystem, highlighting the evolution of financial services in the digital age. As it continues to develop, BloctoSwap is poised to play a crucial role in shaping the future of DeFi on Flow.

CDzExchange stands out as a groundbreaking crypto derivatives platform that functions across various blockchain networks, offering swift transaction capabilities, low fees, and an effortless trading environment. This exchange tackles prevalent issues such as slow transaction times, high costs, and poor user experiences that many decentralized derivatives platforms face. Users are empowered to trade leveraged perpetual contracts, stablecoins, and a wide range of assets, including BEP20 and ERC20 tokens, as well as other well-known cryptocurrencies. By focusing on harmonization with major blockchain technologies, CDzExchange guarantees that traders can enjoy both speed and security without compromise. Additionally, the platform provides options for staking and liquidity mining, aimed at maximizing the advantages of cross-chain decentralized finance (DeFi). DeFi encompasses a broad spectrum of open financial services grounded in smart contracts and distributed ledger technology, marking a significant shift in the conventional finance landscape, which has long been dominated by centralized systems. As the DeFi ecosystem expands, platforms like CDzExchange are essential in influencing the trajectory of future financial transactions and fostering a more inclusive financial system for all users. In this way, the platform not only serves traders but also contributes to the overall evolution of the financial industry.

Rubic operates as an all-encompassing multichain DeFi ecosystem, featuring cross-chain swaps, instant exchanges, and a multitude of other functionalities. Our mission is to create a fully integrated ONE-STOP decentralized trading platform that addresses a wide range of user requirements. This platform allows users to effortlessly conduct cross-chain swaps by utilizing various solutions, ensuring they obtain the best rates through a DEX aggregator that includes leading swap protocols, and it also offers the option to buy MATIC or BNB directly through our Crypto Tap. Enthusiasts in the crypto space worldwide can take advantage of our services to trade across different networks and execute cross-chain swaps with ease. We further support other projects by developing custom bridges and incorporating the Rubic Relay widget, which enables direct trading on partner sites with Rubic's services. Importantly, transactions on Rubic.exchange do not require KYC, promoting a more inclusive trading experience. In essence, Rubic is dedicated to transforming the trading environment by delivering cutting-edge solutions that cater to all users, fostering a more efficient and user-friendly landscape for decentralized finance. Ultimately, our commitment to innovation positions us as a leader in the DeFi space.

Cropper acts as an automated market maker (AMM) on the Solana blockchain, leveraging the central order book from the Serum decentralized exchange (DEX) to enable remarkably fast trades, shared liquidity, and cutting-edge yield-earning capabilities. Tailored by farmers for their fellow farmers, it boasts low transaction fees and attractive APRs, providing a robust suite of DeFi services that can be accessed effortlessly. Our smart search feature guarantees that the most favorable swaps are executed swiftly, while users can delve into a wide selection of labeled and permissionless farms. With five distinct staking tiers, participants have the opportunity to earn rewards and access exclusive benefits. We are currently working on enhancements for our fertilizer launcher, aiming to further boost its functionality. At the heart of our initiative is our community, originally formed by committed farmers seeking decentralized yield farming access. Today, the Cropper Community has expanded to include DeFi enthusiasts from various backgrounds, all united by their pursuit of universal access to yield farming and its plentiful rewards. As we continue to expand, we are dedicated to nurturing collaboration and promoting innovation in the decentralized finance ecosystem, ensuring that all members can thrive together. With each new development, we are excited to see how the community will evolve and contribute to the future of DeFi.

OpenBook serves as a community-focused evolution of the Serum V3 initiative, which is widely acknowledged as the central limit order book (CLOB) previously known as Serum V3. This updated version seeks to foster greater participation and cooperation among community members throughout the developmental stages. By prioritizing community involvement, it aims to create a more inclusive environment for all stakeholders.