List of the Top On-Prem Large Language Models in 2025 - Page 3

Perplexity AI has unveiled R1 1776 as an open-source large language model (LLM) constructed on the DeepSeek R1 framework, aimed at promoting transparency and facilitating collaborative endeavors in AI development. This release allows researchers and developers to delve into the model's architecture and source code, enabling them to refine and adapt it for various applications. Through the public availability of R1 1776, Perplexity AI aspires to stimulate innovation while maintaining ethical principles within the AI industry. This initiative not only empowers the community but also cultivates a culture of shared knowledge and accountability among those working in AI. Furthermore, it represents a significant step towards democratizing access to advanced AI technologies.

QwQ-Max-Preview represents an advanced AI model built on the Qwen2.5-Max architecture, designed to demonstrate exceptional abilities in areas such as intricate reasoning, mathematical challenges, programming tasks, and agent-based activities. This preview highlights its improved functionalities across various general-domain applications, showcasing a strong capability to handle complex workflows effectively. Set to be launched as open-source software under the Apache 2.0 license, QwQ-Max-Preview is expected to feature substantial enhancements and refinements in its final version. In addition to its technical advancements, the model plays a vital role in fostering a more inclusive AI landscape, which is further supported by the upcoming release of the Qwen Chat application and streamlined model options like QwQ-32B, aimed at developers seeking local deployment alternatives. This initiative not only enhances accessibility for a broader audience but also stimulates creativity and progress within the AI community, ensuring that diverse voices can contribute to the field's evolution. The commitment to open-source principles is likely to inspire further exploration and collaboration among developers.

Mistral AI has unveiled the Mistral Large 2, an advanced AI model engineered to perform exceptionally well across various fields, including code generation, multilingual comprehension, and complex reasoning tasks. Boasting a remarkable 128k context window, this model supports a vast selection of languages such as English, French, Spanish, and Arabic, as well as more than 80 programming languages. Tailored for high-throughput single-node inference, Mistral Large 2 is ideal for applications that demand substantial context management. Its outstanding performance on benchmarks like MMLU, alongside enhanced abilities in code generation and reasoning, ensures both precision and effectiveness in outcomes. Moreover, the model is equipped with improved function calling and retrieval functionalities, which are especially advantageous for intricate business applications. This versatility positions Mistral Large 2 as a formidable asset for developers and enterprises eager to harness cutting-edge AI technologies for innovative solutions, ultimately driving efficiency and productivity in their operations.

Meta’s Llama 4 Behemoth is an advanced multimodal AI model that boasts 288 billion active parameters, making it one of the most powerful models in the world. It outperforms other leading models like GPT-4.5 and Gemini 2.0 Pro on numerous STEM-focused benchmarks, showcasing exceptional skills in math, reasoning, and image understanding. As the teacher model behind Llama 4 Scout and Llama 4 Maverick, Llama 4 Behemoth drives major advancements in model distillation, improving both efficiency and performance. Currently still in training, Behemoth is expected to redefine AI intelligence and multimodal processing once fully deployed.

Meta’s Llama 4 Maverick is a state-of-the-art multimodal AI model that packs 17 billion active parameters and 128 experts into a high-performance solution. Its performance surpasses other top models, including GPT-4o and Gemini 2.0 Flash, particularly in reasoning, coding, and image processing benchmarks. Llama 4 Maverick excels at understanding and generating text while grounding its responses in visual data, making it perfect for applications that require both types of information. This model strikes a balance between power and efficiency, offering top-tier AI capabilities at a fraction of the parameter size compared to larger models, making it a versatile tool for developers and enterprises alike.

Llama 4 Scout represents a leap forward in multimodal AI, featuring 17 billion active parameters and a groundbreaking 10 million token context length. With its ability to integrate both text and image data, Llama 4 Scout excels at tasks like multi-document summarization, complex reasoning, and image grounding. It delivers superior performance across various benchmarks and is particularly effective in applications requiring both language and visual comprehension. Scout's efficiency and advanced capabilities make it an ideal solution for developers and businesses looking for a versatile and powerful model to enhance their AI-driven projects.

ESMFold exemplifies how artificial intelligence can provide us with groundbreaking tools to investigate the natural world, similar to how the microscope transformed our ability to see the intricate details of life. By leveraging AI, we can achieve new insights into the rich tapestry of biological diversity, thus deepening our understanding of life sciences. A considerable amount of AI research focuses on teaching machines to perceive the world in ways that parallel human cognition. However, the intricate language of proteins remains difficult for humans to interpret and has posed challenges for even the most sophisticated computational models. Despite these hurdles, AI has the potential to decode this complex language, thereby enhancing our understanding of biological mechanisms. Investigating AI's role in biology not only broadens our comprehension of life sciences but also illuminates the wider implications of artificial intelligence as a whole. Our research underscores the interconnected nature of various disciplines: the large language models that drive advancements in machine translation, natural language processing, speech recognition, and image generation also have the potential to uncover valuable insights into biological systems. This interdisciplinary strategy may lead to groundbreaking discoveries in both the fields of AI and biology, fostering collaboration that could yield transformative advancements. As we continue to explore these synergies, the future holds great promise for expanding our knowledge and capabilities in understanding life itself.

XLNet presents a groundbreaking method for unsupervised language representation learning through its distinct generalized permutation language modeling objective. In addition, it employs the Transformer-XL architecture, which excels in managing language tasks that necessitate the analysis of longer contexts. Consequently, XLNet achieves remarkable results, establishing new benchmarks with its state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance in various downstream language applications like question answering, natural language inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking. This innovative model not only enhances the capabilities of natural language processing but also opens new avenues for further research in the field. Its impact is expected to influence future developments and methodologies in language understanding.

CodeGen is an innovative open-source framework aimed at producing code via program synthesis, employing TPU-v4 in its training process. It distinguishes itself as a formidable competitor to OpenAI Codex in the field of code generation tools, showcasing its potential to enhance developer productivity and streamline coding tasks.

StarCoder and StarCoderBase are sophisticated Large Language Models crafted for coding tasks, built from freely available data sourced from GitHub, which includes an extensive array of over 80 programming languages, along with Git commits, GitHub issues, and Jupyter notebooks. Similarly to LLaMA, these models were developed with around 15 billion parameters trained on an astonishing 1 trillion tokens. Additionally, StarCoderBase was specifically optimized with 35 billion Python tokens, culminating in the evolution of what we now recognize as StarCoder. Our assessments revealed that StarCoderBase outperforms other open-source Code LLMs when evaluated against well-known programming benchmarks, matching or even exceeding the performance of proprietary models like OpenAI's code-cushman-001 and the original Codex, which was instrumental in the early development of GitHub Copilot. With a remarkable context length surpassing 8,000 tokens, the StarCoder models can manage more data than any other open LLM available, thus unlocking a plethora of possibilities for innovative applications. This adaptability is further showcased by our ability to engage with the StarCoder models through a series of interactive dialogues, effectively transforming them into versatile technical aides capable of assisting with a wide range of programming challenges. Furthermore, this interactive capability enhances user experience, making it easier for developers to obtain immediate support and insights on complex coding issues.

We are excited to unveil the latest version of our open-source large language model, which includes model weights and initial code for the pretrained and fine-tuned Llama language models, ranging from 7 billion to 70 billion parameters. The Llama 2 pretrained models have been crafted using a remarkable 2 trillion tokens and boast double the context length compared to the first iteration, Llama 1. Additionally, the fine-tuned models have been refined through the insights gained from over 1 million human annotations. Llama 2 showcases outstanding performance compared to various other open-source language models across a wide array of external benchmarks, particularly excelling in reasoning, coding abilities, proficiency, and knowledge assessments. For its training, Llama 2 leveraged publicly available online data sources, while the fine-tuned variant, Llama-2-chat, integrates publicly accessible instruction datasets alongside the extensive human annotations mentioned earlier. Our project is backed by a robust coalition of global stakeholders who are passionate about our open approach to AI, including companies that have offered valuable early feedback and are eager to collaborate with us on Llama 2. The enthusiasm surrounding Llama 2 not only highlights its advancements but also marks a significant transformation in the collaborative development and application of AI technologies. This collective effort underscores the potential for innovation that can emerge when the community comes together to share resources and insights.

Code Llama is a sophisticated language model engineered to produce code from text prompts, setting itself apart as a premier choice among publicly available models for coding applications. This groundbreaking model not only enhances productivity for seasoned developers but also supports newcomers in tackling the complexities of learning programming. Its adaptability allows Code Llama to serve as both an effective productivity tool and a pedagogical resource, enabling programmers to develop more efficient and well-documented software. Furthermore, users can generate code alongside natural language explanations by inputting either format, which contributes to its flexibility for various programming tasks. Offered for free for both research and commercial use, Code Llama is based on the Llama 2 architecture and is available in three specific versions: the core Code Llama model, Code Llama - Python designed exclusively for Python development, and Code Llama - Instruct, which is fine-tuned to understand and execute natural language commands accurately. As a result, Code Llama stands out not just for its technical capabilities but also for its accessibility and relevance to diverse coding scenarios.

John Snow Labs has introduced an advanced large language model tailored specifically for the healthcare industry, with the intention of revolutionizing how medical organizations harness the power of artificial intelligence. This innovative platform is crafted solely for healthcare practitioners, fusing cutting-edge natural language processing capabilities with a profound understanding of medical terminology, clinical workflows, and compliance frameworks. As a result, it acts as a vital asset that enables healthcare providers, researchers, and administrators to extract crucial insights, improve patient care, and boost operational efficiency. At the heart of the Healthcare LLM lies its comprehensive training on a wide range of healthcare-related content, which encompasses clinical documentation, scholarly articles, and regulatory guidelines. This specialized training empowers the model to adeptly interpret and generate medical language, establishing it as an indispensable resource for multiple functions such as clinical documentation, automated coding, and medical research projects. Moreover, its functionalities contribute to optimizing workflows, allowing healthcare professionals to dedicate more time to patient care instead of administrative responsibilities. Ultimately, the integration of this advanced model into healthcare settings could significantly enhance overall service delivery and patient outcomes.

Pixtral Large is a comprehensive multimodal model developed by Mistral AI, boasting an impressive 124 billion parameters that build upon their earlier Mistral Large 2 framework. The architecture consists of a 123-billion-parameter multimodal decoder paired with a 1-billion-parameter vision encoder, which empowers the model to adeptly interpret diverse content such as documents, graphs, and natural images while maintaining excellent text understanding. Furthermore, Pixtral Large can accommodate a substantial context window of 128,000 tokens, enabling it to process at least 30 high-definition images simultaneously with impressive efficiency. Its performance has been validated through exceptional results in benchmarks like MathVista, DocVQA, and VQAv2, surpassing competitors like GPT-4o and Gemini-1.5 Pro. The model is made available for research and educational use under the Mistral Research License, while also offering a separate Mistral Commercial License for businesses. This dual licensing approach enhances its appeal, making Pixtral Large not only a powerful asset for academic research but also a significant contributor to advancements in commercial applications. As a result, the model stands out as a multifaceted tool capable of driving innovation across various fields.

At Liquid, our goal is to create sophisticated AI systems capable of tackling a wide range of challenges, allowing users to effectively build, use, and oversee their own AI solutions. This dedication ensures the integration of AI into all businesses is done in a seamless, reliable, and efficient manner. Looking ahead, Liquid seeks to design and deploy state-of-the-art AI solutions that are available to everyone, promoting inclusivity in technology. Our methodology emphasizes the development of transparent models in organizations that prioritize openness and clarity. We hold the conviction that such transparency cultivates trust and spurs innovation within the realm of AI, ultimately benefiting society as a whole. By fostering an environment of collaboration and shared knowledge, we believe we can unlock the full potential of AI for diverse applications.

The Qwen2.5-1M language model, developed by the Qwen team, is an open-source innovation designed to handle extraordinarily long context lengths of up to one million tokens. This release features two model variations: Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct-1M and Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M, marking a groundbreaking milestone as the first Qwen models optimized for such extensive token context. Moreover, the team has introduced an inference framework utilizing vLLM along with sparse attention mechanisms, which significantly boosts processing speeds for inputs of 1 million tokens, achieving speed enhancements ranging from three to seven times. Accompanying this model is a comprehensive technical report that delves into the design decisions and outcomes of various ablation studies. This thorough documentation ensures that users gain a deep understanding of the models' capabilities and the technology that powers them. Additionally, the improvements in processing efficiency are expected to open new avenues for applications needing extensive context management.

DeepSeek R2 is the much-anticipated successor to the original DeepSeek R1, an AI reasoning model that garnered significant attention upon its launch in January 2025 by the Chinese startup DeepSeek. This latest iteration enhances the impressive groundwork laid by R1, which transformed the AI domain by delivering cost-effective capabilities that rival top-tier models such as OpenAI's o1. R2 is poised to deliver a notable enhancement in performance, promising rapid processing and reasoning skills that closely mimic human capabilities, especially in demanding fields like intricate coding and higher-level mathematics. By leveraging DeepSeek's advanced Mixture-of-Experts framework alongside refined training methodologies, R2 aims to exceed the benchmarks set by its predecessor while maintaining a low computational footprint. Furthermore, there is a strong expectation that this model will expand its reasoning prowess to include additional languages beyond English, potentially enhancing its applicability on a global scale. The excitement surrounding R2 underscores the continuous advancement of AI technology and its potential to impact a variety of sectors significantly, paving the way for innovations that could redefine how we interact with machines.

The BitNet b1.58 2B4T from Microsoft represents a major leap forward in the efficiency of Large Language Models. By using native 1-bit weights and optimized 8-bit activations, this model reduces computational overhead without compromising performance. With 2 billion parameters and training on 4 trillion tokens, it provides powerful AI capabilities with significant efficiency benefits, including faster inference and lower energy consumption. This model is especially useful for AI applications where performance at scale and resource conservation are critical.

The PaLM API provides a simple and secure avenue for utilizing our cutting-edge language models. We are thrilled to unveil an exceptionally efficient model that strikes a balance between size and performance, with intentions to roll out additional model sizes soon. In tandem with this API, MakerSuite is introduced as an intuitive tool for quickly prototyping concepts, which will ultimately offer features such as prompt engineering, synthetic data generation, and custom model modifications, all underpinned by robust safety protocols. Presently, a limited group of developers has access to the PaLM API and MakerSuite in Private Preview, and we urge everyone to watch for our forthcoming waitlist. This initiative marks a pivotal advancement in enabling developers to push the boundaries of innovation with language models, paving the way for groundbreaking applications in various fields. The combination of powerful tools and advanced models is sure to inspire creativity and efficiency among users.

PaLM 2 marks a significant advancement in the realm of large language models, furthering Google's legacy of leading innovations in machine learning and ethical AI initiatives. This model showcases remarkable skills in intricate reasoning tasks, including coding, mathematics, classification, question answering, multilingual translation, and natural language generation, outperforming earlier models, including its predecessor, PaLM. Its superior performance stems from a groundbreaking design that optimizes computational scalability, incorporates a carefully curated mixture of datasets, and implements advancements in the model's architecture. Moreover, PaLM 2 embodies Google’s dedication to responsible AI practices, as it has undergone thorough evaluations to uncover any potential risks, biases, and its usability in both research and commercial contexts. As a cornerstone for other innovative applications like Med-PaLM 2 and Sec-PaLM, it also drives sophisticated AI functionalities and tools within Google, such as Bard and the PaLM API. Its adaptability positions it as a crucial resource across numerous domains, demonstrating AI's capacity to boost both productivity and creative solutions, ultimately paving the way for future advancements in the field.

Smaug-72B stands out as a powerful open-source large language model (LLM) with several noteworthy characteristics: Outstanding Performance: It leads the Hugging Face Open LLM leaderboard, surpassing models like GPT-3.5 across various assessments, showcasing its adeptness in understanding, responding to, and producing text that closely mimics human language. Open Source Accessibility: Unlike many premium LLMs, Smaug-72B is available for public use and modification, fostering collaboration and innovation within the artificial intelligence community. Focus on Reasoning and Mathematics: This model is particularly effective in tackling reasoning and mathematical tasks, a strength stemming from targeted fine-tuning techniques employed by its developers at Abacus AI. Based on Qwen-72B: Essentially, it is an enhanced iteration of the robust LLM Qwen-72B, originally released by Alibaba, which contributes to its superior performance. In conclusion, Smaug-72B represents a significant progression in the field of open-source artificial intelligence, serving as a crucial asset for both developers and researchers. Its distinctive capabilities not only elevate its prominence but also play an integral role in the continual advancement of AI technology, inspiring further exploration and development in this dynamic field.

Jamba has emerged as the leading long context model, specifically crafted for builders and tailored to meet enterprise requirements. It outperforms other prominent models of similar scale with its exceptional latency and features a groundbreaking 256k context window, the largest available. Utilizing the innovative Mamba-Transformer MoE architecture, Jamba prioritizes cost efficiency and operational effectiveness. Among its out-of-the-box features are function calls, JSON mode output, document objects, and citation mode, all aimed at improving the overall user experience. The Jamba 1.5 models excel in performance across their expansive context window and consistently achieve top-tier scores on various quality assessment metrics. Enterprises can take advantage of secure deployment options customized to their specific needs, which facilitates seamless integration with existing systems. Furthermore, Jamba is readily accessible via our robust SaaS platform, and deployment options also include collaboration with strategic partners, providing users with added flexibility. For organizations that require specialized solutions, we offer dedicated management and ongoing pre-training services, ensuring that each client can make the most of Jamba’s capabilities. This level of adaptability and support positions Jamba as a premier choice for enterprises in search of innovative and effective solutions for their needs. Additionally, Jamba's commitment to continuous improvement ensures that it remains at the forefront of technological advancements, further solidifying its reputation as a trusted partner for businesses.

Amazon Nova signifies a groundbreaking advancement in foundation models (FMs), delivering sophisticated intelligence and exceptional price-performance ratios, exclusively accessible through Amazon Bedrock. The series features Amazon Nova Micro, Amazon Nova Lite, and Amazon Nova Pro, each tailored to process text, image, or video inputs and generate text outputs, addressing varying demands for capability, precision, speed, and operational expenses. Amazon Nova Micro is a model centered on text, excelling in delivering quick responses at an incredibly low price point. On the other hand, Amazon Nova Lite is a cost-effective multimodal model celebrated for its rapid handling of image, video, and text inputs. Lastly, Amazon Nova Pro distinguishes itself as a powerful multimodal model that provides the best combination of accuracy, speed, and affordability for a wide range of applications, making it particularly suitable for tasks like video summarization, answering queries, and solving mathematical problems, among others. These innovative models empower users to choose the most suitable option for their unique needs while experiencing unparalleled performance levels in their respective tasks. This flexibility ensures that whether for simple text analysis or complex multimodal interactions, there is an Amazon Nova model tailored to meet every user's specific requirements.

BLOOM is an autoregressive language model created to generate text in response to prompts, leveraging vast datasets and robust computational resources. As a result, it produces fluent and coherent text in 46 languages along with 13 programming languages, making its output often indistinguishable from that of human authors. In addition, BLOOM can address various text-based tasks that it hasn't explicitly been trained for, as long as they are presented as text generation prompts. This adaptability not only showcases BLOOM's versatility but also enhances its effectiveness in a multitude of writing contexts. Its capacity to engage with diverse challenges underscores its potential impact on content creation across different domains.

Pre-trained language models have advanced significantly, demonstrating exceptional performance in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The remarkable features of GPT-3 illustrate that scaling these models can lead to the discovery of their immense capabilities. Recently, the introduction of a comprehensive framework called ERNIE 3.0 has allowed for the pre-training of large-scale models infused with knowledge, resulting in a model with an impressive 10 billion parameters. This version of ERNIE 3.0 has outperformed many leading models across numerous NLP challenges. In our pursuit of exploring the impact of scaling, we have created an even larger model named ERNIE 3.0 Titan, which boasts up to 260 billion parameters and is developed on the PaddlePaddle framework. Moreover, we have incorporated a self-supervised adversarial loss coupled with a controllable language modeling loss, which empowers ERNIE 3.0 Titan to generate text that is both accurate and adaptable, thus extending the limits of what these models can achieve. This innovative methodology not only improves the model's overall performance but also paves the way for new research opportunities in the fields of text generation and fine-tuning control. As the landscape of NLP continues to evolve, the advancements in these models promise to drive further breakthroughs in understanding and generating human language.