List of the Top Automated Testing Software for Startups in 2026 - Page 7

Test Management for Jira is a comprehensive tool designed for enterprises to effectively plan, oversee, and evaluate their complete testing lifecycle within the Jira platform. It accommodates both agile and waterfall project management approaches. With TM4J, critical projects gain the benefits of scalability and reliability, regardless of whether they are hosted on Cloud Server, DataCenter, or Server versions of Jira. Furthermore, TM4J enhances the capabilities of agile teams by facilitating Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) at scale, utilizing Cucumber or other compatible gherkin tools to foster collaboration between developers and testers. The tool offers access to up to 70 built-in reports, allowing teams to make data-driven decisions based on real-time metrics during their software development lifecycle. Additionally, its robust FREE REST API simplifies the integration of Continuous Integration (CI) servers, DevOps practices, and various test automation tools and frameworks, ultimately saving both time and resources. Having been adopted by over 3,000 clients globally, TM4J has earned its reputation as the premier QA and testing application for Jira, proving its effectiveness in enhancing software quality assurance processes. This widespread usage further demonstrates its reliability and the trust placed in it by numerous organizations across various industries.

Mabl is a smart, low-code platform designed for test automation, tailored specifically for Agile teams. As a SaaS solution, it seamlessly incorporates automated end-to-end testing throughout the entire development process. The platform features a native auto-heal function that automatically adjusts tests in response to changes in the application’s user interface during development. With detailed test results at their fingertips, users can swiftly identify and resolve bugs before they impact production. The process of creating, executing, and managing reliable tests has never been simpler. Mabl enables software teams to enhance test coverage while accelerating development timelines, ultimately leading to superior application quality. This platform equips all team members with the tools needed to uphold high standards for their applications at every phase of the development cycle, fostering a culture of quality and efficiency.

Witbe stands at the forefront of the Quality of Experience sector, providing an acclaimed solution for assessing QoE across various interactive services—whether they be telephony, video, or web—on any device, including PCs, smartphones, and set-top boxes, while traversing any network type, be it fixed, mobile, or over-the-top. Established in 2000, the company has expanded its reach and is now a reliable partner for more than 300 clients across more than 50 nations, earning the trust of broadcasters, operators, and content providers alike through the use of Witbe Robots. Additionally, Witbe's presence on Euronext Growth as a publicly-traded entity further underscores its commitment to excellence and transparency in the industry. The company continues to innovate and adapt, ensuring that it remains a leader in delivering outstanding quality experiences to its clients.

Keysight Eggplant is an industry-leading AI-powered software testing suite that enables complete automation across the software lifecycle—from design to deployment. Built for today’s fast-paced DevOps environments, Eggplant eliminates the inefficiencies of manual testing by automating regression, functional, and performance testing across any device, OS, or platform. Using computer vision, natural language processing, and AI modeling, Eggplant tests software the way users actually experience it, catching interface glitches, broken flows, and visual bugs before release. The platform includes Eggplant Test for end-to-end automation, Eggplant Performance for scalable load testing, Eggplant Monitoring for real-time system health tracking, and Keysight Generator for automatically converting requirements into executable tests. Its integration with CI/CD pipelines ensures seamless continuous testing with tools like Jenkins, GitHub Actions, and Azure DevOps. Designed for comprehensive coverage, it supports web, mobile, desktop, embedded, and legacy systems without requiring code. QA teams can leverage predictive performance monitoring to preemptively address bottlenecks and optimize user experiences. Enterprise users—including Fujifilm, JetBlue, and NASA—report dramatic improvements in testing speed, accuracy, and productivity. Supported by KeysightCare and flexible software licensing, Eggplant scales easily for enterprise needs. As a unified testing ecosystem, Keysight Eggplant transforms QA into a strategic enabler for innovation, speed, and reliability.

Our expert team, in collaboration with the AQA platform, is committed to helping you assess, correct, and manage the accessibility of your websites and applications. We make certain that your website adheres to ADA/WCAG standards while also offering continuous monitoring and maintenance to ensure ongoing accessibility. In the current environment, nearly every organization acknowledges the importance of accessibility. We provide customized accessibility solutions for a wide array of clients, including Fortune 1000 companies, small to medium-sized enterprises, government agencies, and educational institutions spanning various industries such as retail, travel, hospitality, food services, automotive, financial services, and healthcare. At UsableNet, our mission revolves around improving the accessibility and usability of the digital world. We aim to foster a more inclusive and user-friendly experience on digital platforms like websites and apps for all users. By utilizing technology, deep expertise, ongoing innovation, and collaborations with the disability community, we empower organizations to enhance their digital content for individuals with disabilities, ensuring that no one is excluded in today’s digital landscape. Ultimately, we aspire to create a world where everyone can easily navigate and interact with digital environments, promoting a sense of belonging for all users. This commitment to inclusivity not only benefits individuals with disabilities but also enriches the overall digital experience for everyone.

Order a pizza, and by the time it arrives, you’ll have GigaFox set up, with your first Appium test already in motion. Jump into scripting immediately with GigaFox’s built-in, efficient, and reliable Appium server, allowing you to dive right into your work. You’ll have ample time to savor your meal since we've taken care of all the tedious processes involved in downloading, installing, and setting up Appium. Our commitment to speed means you’ll be mastering Appium in no time. Mobile Labs is devoted to your success in Appium, working alongside you at every stage to guarantee positive outcomes. With our exceptional customer support for the Appium server, you won’t find yourself waiting on unreliable help from public forums. Our knowledgeable Appium experts are always on hand, ready to assist whenever you require guidance. Are you prepared to take the reins of your Appium testing and enhance your workflow effectively? GigaFox streamlines the entire Appium experience, enabling you to craft tests with extraordinary ease and speed. With GigaFox, your focus remains on delivering top-notch software more quickly than ever, ensuring you stay ahead in the competitive landscape. Experience the difference as GigaFox transforms your approach to Appium testing, making it not just simpler, but also more enjoyable.

VisWiz.io, available on GitHub, guarantees that all commits included in pull requests undergo comprehensive verification for precision. Beyond simply updating the commit status, it offers an extensive commentary that encapsulates the results of visual regression testing pertinent to the changes introduced in the pull request. Users can choose to receive alerts through various platforms, including email, Slack, Microsoft Teams, or any other service compatible with webhooks. Our web application features a user-friendly interface that facilitates the review of reports detailing visual inconsistencies between successive builds. Built to be lightweight and highly customizable, VisWiz.io can be tailored to fit your unique needs and preferences. Additionally, it seamlessly integrates with numerous modern CI systems and acts as a valuable enhancement to UI testing frameworks, such as Cypress, Puppeteer, Webdriver.io, Selenium, and UI component libraries like Storybook. This adaptability and functionality make it an indispensable resource for developers who seek to refine and elevate their testing workflows. Ultimately, the application provides an efficient means of ensuring high-quality user interfaces through rigorous visual testing.

Motel.io is revolutionizing the way applications and websites are tested on real mobile devices, allowing you to create exceptional products that resonate with your target audience. With its powerful features, Motel facilitates the assessment of your apps and websites across numerous devices, providing flexibility for testing whenever and wherever necessary. You have the option to integrate your own mobile devices into the platform while maintaining their privacy or sharing them with the broader Motel community in return for monetary incentives. Connecting and managing any Android or iOS device is a simple task with Motel, ensuring ease of use. Ultimately, Motel ensures that the quality of the apps and websites you release aligns with outstanding standards, thereby improving user satisfaction and engagement. This cutting-edge solution not only simplifies the testing process but also cultivates a collaborative atmosphere among developers, enabling them to share insights and experiences. By enhancing communication and resource sharing, Motel.io transforms the landscape of app and website testing into a more efficient and engaging experience.

The Curiosity Modeler produces precise and thorough specifications that help minimize the occurrence of expensive bugs during development. It creates test cases that are designed to identify more defects on the first attempt. Additionally, it provides compliant test data that is readily available to testers at their convenience. Users can utilize various test frameworks, whether they are open-source, commercial, or custom-built, to conduct extensive automated testing. With the ability to quickly generate flowcharts using multiple importers and accelerators, comprehensive automated tests and complete test data can be created seamlessly. Automation engineers are responsible for maintaining coded frameworks and can easily export objects and actions back to the Curiosity Modeler. This platform empowers users to automate processes effortlessly through an intuitive drag-and-drop interface, making it accessible for anyone interested in automation. Overall, the Curiosity Modeler streamlines the testing process while enhancing efficiency and effectiveness.

Continuously design, assess, launch, and manage applications on all platforms. Connect with code repositories like GitHub, Bitbucket, GitLab, or Azure DevOps, allowing for cloud-based builds with every commit made to the code. Effortlessly run unit tests, distribute your app to testers and stores, or evaluate the user interface on real devices. Employ a feature branch for development and testing, a beta branch for sharing with testers, and the master branch for submitting to the App Store. Adjust the workflow to align with your team's specific needs. After making adjustments, can you verify that your application operates effectively? What is its performance like on older devices such as the LG G2? Uncover these insights by leveraging a hosted device lab that provides access to countless authentic iOS and Android devices, ensuring thorough testing. You will receive in-depth test results, high-quality screenshots from every phase of the process, along with performance metrics. Moreover, whether you prefer private distribution, public open betas, or services like Microsoft Intune, TestFlight, Google Play, or the App Store, App Center guarantees that the launch of your application is both smooth and gratifying. With its comprehensive features, you can dedicate your efforts to enhancing your app's performance and improving user satisfaction, knowing that thorough testing has been conducted on a wide range of devices.

Presenting a groundbreaking automation solution tailored for extensive testing of digital applications, the eureQa platform is setting a new standard in the realm of test automation. This all-in-one platform encompasses a diverse range of testing methodologies, including functional, cross-browser/device, mobile, performance testing, and synthetic monitoring, all seamlessly integrated within a single enterprise-level cloud solution, enabling organizations to efficiently oversee their digital environments. By harnessing advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies, eureQa provides businesses with critical tools to improve user experiences and enhance overall quality. As the significance of digital applications continues to grow for both commerce and enterprise software, eureQa emerges as a modern automation platform purpose-built to accelerate the testing processes associated with these applications. Prioritizing faster time to market, eureQa ensures that updates and new features for eCommerce applications and enterprise SaaS solutions can be deployed rapidly, helping businesses stay agile and competitive in a dynamic market landscape. This innovative strategy not only optimizes the testing lifecycle but also bolsters ongoing digital transformation efforts in various industries. Ultimately, with eureQa, organizations can expect to achieve greater efficiency and responsiveness in their digital operations, paving the way for sustained growth and success.

Implement the open-source buildkite-agent in your own infrastructure to achieve faster performance, greater control, and heightened security. This agent plays a crucial role in retrieving your source code, executing customized hooks and overrides, and performing your build tasks, all while keeping your source code securely stored within your own environment. Installation is straightforward, with a wide array of packages and binaries available for various platforms and architectures, including Ubuntu, Debian, Mac, Windows, Docker, and more. The agent's ability to manage artifact and metadata storage supports share-nothing, state-free build jobs that can be easily distributed and scaled across numerous agents. You can deploy as many build agents as needed (up to 10,000 connected per account), ensuring efficient operations at any scale. The open-source Elastic CI Stack for AWS offers an uncomplicated way to establish a scalable CI stack tailored to your requirements within your AWS account. For those seeking a more customized solution, you can utilize familiar tools in your production environments, such as Packer and Terraform, which allows for smooth incorporation of your existing workflows. This level of adaptability guarantees that your CI/CD processes can progress in tandem with the evolving needs of your projects, thus enhancing overall productivity and responsiveness. By integrating these capabilities, teams can ensure that their development processes are not only efficient but also secure and aligned with their operational strategies.

Configuration as code enables the establishment of pipelines through a clear and concise file that can be easily added to your git repository. Each pipeline step executes in a specific Docker container, which is fetched automatically during the execution process. Drone seamlessly integrates with multiple source code management systems, including popular platforms such as GitHub, GitHubEnterprise, Bitbucket, and GitLab. It accommodates a diverse array of operating systems and architectures, such as Linux x64, ARM, ARM64, and Windows x64. Moreover, Drone is adaptable with programming languages, allowing it to work efficiently with any language, database, or service that runs in a Docker container, and it provides the option to use thousands of public Docker images or to create custom ones. The platform also supports the development and sharing of plugins, utilizing containers to integrate pre-configured steps into your pipeline, offering users the option to choose from hundreds of existing plugins or to create unique ones. Additionally, Drone enhances the customization process by allowing users to set up specific access controls, create approval workflows, manage sensitive information, extend YAML syntax, and much more. This extensive flexibility enables teams to fine-tune their workflows according to their unique operational demands and preferences, fostering greater efficiency and collaboration within development projects. Ultimately, this adaptability positions Drone as a powerful tool for modern software development practices.

Gauntlt provides various integrations with security tools, facilitating effective collaboration among security, development, and operations teams in the pursuit of building resilient software. It is specifically crafted to improve testing procedures and enhance communication across different teams, enabling the development of practical tests that can be embedded within deployment and testing workflows. The attacks designed in Gauntlt use a clear and simple language, making them easily comprehensible. Furthermore, it integrates seamlessly with the existing testing tools and systems within your organization. With Gauntlt, security tool adapters are included to simplify the integration process. It communicates status updates by leveraging standard error and standard output from Unix. There are two primary ways to begin using Gauntlt: you can install it through the gem method, which involves downloading and configuring security tools (with comprehensive guidance provided by Gauntlt), or you can choose the Gauntlt Starter Kit, a Vagrant script that automatically configures the necessary tools for you. Historically, security testing has been aligned with auditors' schedules, often leading to outputs that lack actionable insights, thereby underscoring the necessity for more efficient solutions in security testing methodologies. By adopting Gauntlt, teams can transition to a more proactive and cohesive strategy for security testing, ultimately enhancing the security posture of their software projects. This shift not only elevates the quality of security practices but also promotes a culture of continuous improvement in software development.

CloudTestr is Sutherland’s comprehensive AI-powered test automation platform designed to help enterprises modernize quality engineering with minimal effort and maximum efficiency. It supports the full testing lifecycle—planning, creation, execution, and analysis—within a single, streamlined environment. CloudTestr’s intelligent automation features include self-healing scripts, touchless execution, and robust pre-built test libraries that significantly reduce manual intervention. Its no-code interface allows teams to automate tests without specialized training or certifications, making automation accessible to both technical and non-technical users. The platform supports testing across enterprise ecosystems such as Oracle Cloud, SAP, Salesforce, Workday, MS Dynamics, along with mobile, web, desktop, API, and microservices environments. CloudTestr integrates seamlessly with CI/CD pipelines and leading DevOps tools, enabling continuous testing and early defect detection. Businesses benefit from performance testing, security testing, and audit support, ensuring systems remain reliable, compliant, and ready for inspection. Case studies highlight major gains, including up to 5x faster testing, 70% reductions in regression efforts, and up to 50% faster time-to-market. Customer testimonials also emphasize the platform’s ease of use, elimination of manual testing burdens, and ability to deliver consistent, defect-free releases. Combining AI innovation with Sutherland’s industry expertise, CloudTestr serves as a strategic solution for enterprises seeking scalable, automated, and future-ready quality assurance.

Revolutionize the way you create test plans by embracing fast, scalable, and user-friendly open and modular software solutions. This method makes full use of the OpenTAP open-source test automation sequencing engine, which provides vital resources for developers engaged with OpenTAP. Its architecture is both scalable and modular, tailored to deliver specific features that address the distinct demands of your applications. Furthermore, it offers intuitive graphical user interfaces that simplify the development, optimization, and management of test plans. Through the use of integrated design and simulation software, you can bring your ideas to life with clarity. The test sequencer software includes a timing analyzer, result viewer, and an array of additional tools that significantly boost test automation efforts. Additionally, by utilizing Keysight Command Expert, you can create bespoke test steps for PathWave Test Automation, enhancing your process efficiency. The graphical editor makes establishing switch connections straightforward, promoting seamless integration of test steps and contributing to a more streamlined workflow across your projects. Ultimately, this innovative approach not only enhances productivity but also fosters greater collaboration among your development teams.

The Test Management System simplifies the software testing process for development and QA teams significantly. By utilizing test suites, you can effectively categorize your test cases into coherent groups. Each test case comes equipped with various features that enable you to define its severity and priority, alongside outlining pre-conditions and post-conditions clearly. Additionally, there’s an option to delineate the steps necessary to replicate the test case. You have the capability to create comprehensive test plans and execute them efficiently. With the assistance of intuitive wizards, you can navigate through the test plans and simultaneously review all test cases. Moreover, the built-in time tracker offers precise insights into the duration dedicated to each test case. Sharing a detailed test log with your manager or client is a breeze, requiring just a few clicks. You can further collaborate with your teammates by inviting them to leverage the full potential of test case management tools. Additionally, role-based access control enhances security by allowing you to set specific permissions for varying user groups, ensuring streamlined collaboration while maintaining oversight. This comprehensive approach not only improves productivity but also fosters effective communication among team members.

Streamline variations to focus on impactful scenarios by reducing their number while enhancing their significance. Hexawise has demonstrated its effectiveness across more than 35 industries, such as insurance, banking, and IT consulting. Should you have any inquiries while using Hexawise, our dedicated team of test design specialists is ready to help you achieve your testing goals. With Hexawise Automate, transforming your test scenarios into Gherkin format scripts is a seamless process, allowing for data-driven insights. Additionally, we provide options for onsite or remote training conducted by a Hexawise implementation expert, which empowers your team to master the platform effectively. You can fine-tune the Hexawise coverage dial to guarantee that your test coverage is optimally aligned with your system's risk profile. We also facilitate the tailored integration of Hexawise with your organization’s established tools and processes. Moreover, our test design professionals are available on request to assist in developing tests for complex projects, ensuring you receive thorough support throughout your entire testing endeavor. This approach not only enhances efficiency but also fosters a deeper understanding of testing principles within your organization.

Upload your app to Waldo and interact with it as you would on your smartphone; this tool records every screen along with the connections between them, offering a clear view of your app's framework. This functionality is available to all users. Are you gearing up to launch an upgraded version of your application? Waldo takes care of that too, as it automatically replays tests with each new version of your app. If a test fails, Waldo quickly alerts you to the precise location of the issue, giving you the option to adjust the failed test or inform your team to resolve the problem. This feature is especially advantageous for agile mobile teams eager to benefit from automation without the time, resources, or desire to implement scripting tools. Moreover, larger development teams can devote more attention to improving code quality and developing new features instead of being mired in bug tracking. By simplifying the testing procedure, Waldo empowers teams to focus on innovation and operational efficiency, ultimately enhancing productivity in the app development lifecycle.

Say goodbye to manual testing forever. With Autify, users can effortlessly create and sustain automated testing processes in no time. By simply engaging with the application like an end-user, you can develop a Test Scenario intuitively. This user-friendly approach enables anyone to generate tests easily. Speed up your automation and expand your testing capabilities. You can execute Test Scenarios across various browsers at the same time without needing to prepare a separate Scenario for each one. This boosts your coverage and test frequency while using the same resources. Autify's AI continually tracks UI changes, automatically refreshing the Test Scenario each time a new release occurs, eliminating the frustration of broken test scripts. Moreover, Autify is designed to work seamlessly on both mobile and PC browsers, which removes the hassle of managing physical devices or device farms entirely. In addition, Autify can conduct transition tests and validate email content, such as new user sign-ups and purchase confirmation notifications. Importantly, it eliminates the requirement to configure an email inbox environment specifically for testing purposes. As a result, teams can focus more on development and less on the intricacies of testing logistics.

ZeuZ is an adaptable test automation platform that functions in both cloud and on-premise environments, specifically created to enhance DevOps methodologies while leveraging AI to facilitate test automation for mobile, web, desktop, API, and cloud applications. Its user-friendly, script-free interface allows individuals of varying expertise to effortlessly create and execute intricate workflows across different platforms. Moreover, ZeuZ acts as an all-encompassing automated testing framework, seamlessly merging manual and automated testing with bug tracking and feature request management within one solution. It provides teams with extensive reporting capabilities, bug analysis, and comprehensive documentation, accompanied by numerous examples to ensure a swift onboarding experience. With no programming skills required, ZeuZ stands out as the most accessible automation testing platform on the market. Additionally, it offers a wider array of actions than its competitors, and its AI-powered task creation feature guides users in choosing the most suitable actions for their specific needs. For users seeking further support, resources are readily available, including a built-in wizard, expert consultations, and a detailed help section that can be accessed at any moment. This blend of ease of use and robust functionalities renders ZeuZ an essential asset for testing professionals in any organization. Ultimately, the platform's commitment to empowering users enhances both productivity and the quality of testing outcomes.

Harness is the world’s first AI-native software delivery platform designed to revolutionize the way engineering teams build, test, deploy, and manage applications with greater speed, quality, and security. By fully automating continuous integration, continuous delivery, and GitOps pipelines, Harness eliminates bottlenecks and manual interventions, enabling organizations to achieve up to 50x faster deployments and significant reductions in downtime. The platform simplifies infrastructure as code management, database DevOps, and artifact registry handling while fostering collaboration and reducing errors through automation. Harness’s AI-powered capabilities include self-healing test automation, chaos engineering with over 225 built-in experiments, and AI-driven incident triage for faster resolution and increased reliability. Feature management tools allow teams to deploy software confidently with feature flags and experimentation at scale. Security is deeply embedded with continuous vulnerability scanning, runtime protection, and supply chain governance, ensuring compliance without slowing delivery. Harness also offers intelligent cloud cost management that can reduce spending by up to 70%. The internal developer portal accelerates onboarding, while cloud development environments provide secure, pre-configured workspaces. With extensive integrations, developer resources, and customer success stories from companies like Citi, Ulta Beauty, and Ancestry, Harness is trusted to drive engineering excellence. Overall, Harness unifies AI and DevOps into a seamless platform that empowers teams to innovate faster and deliver with confidence.

Functional specialists are now empowered to independently create and implement automated tests without depending on developers. The Agilitest platform has been expertly designed for peak efficiency, providing a seamless user experience. Crafting automated tests has become incredibly straightforward and user-friendly. In a significant advancement, we have removed the reliance on Xpaths, introducing a more robust method for pinpointing components essential for test execution. This innovative capture system boosts the durability of tests against alterations in software code. Maintaining automated tests has also been streamlined, making it remarkably quick and straightforward. Agilitest accommodates various channels, allowing for the development of a wide range of scenarios that can be tested in diverse environments, and it also supports the creation of complex, realistic scenarios that integrate multiple applications and technologies for comprehensive testing. Moreover, users are equipped to design and execute sophisticated cross-channel test scenarios, while they can also analyze test outcomes through an internal web service result viewer, simplifying the process of evaluating performance and identifying issues. This thorough approach guarantees that users can effectively conduct testing in an ever-evolving software environment, adapting to the rapid pace of technological changes.

To thrive in the online marketplace, maintaining the highest quality and decision-ready data is crucial, as it drives your essential operations. Tricentis Data Integrity guarantees that your data remains complete and fit for purpose as it moves from initial source systems to data warehouses and eventually into your reports, dashboards, and business functions. The path that your analytical and operational data follows is often filled with potential disruptions due to the complexities of the modern IT landscape. By utilizing Tricentis Data Integrity, you can prevent costly issues down the line by detecting data errors at an early stage through a solution that provides automated and ongoing testing throughout all phases. In today's fast-evolving digital environment, depending on traditional data testing methods is insufficient. Outdated manual checks are not only labor-intensive and slow but also lack the necessary scalability, while isolated solutions can introduce dangerous gaps in data integrity. It is increasingly vital to adopt advanced testing tools to ensure the reliability of your data and the success of your operations, as the stakes continue to rise in this digital age. Companies that prioritize data integrity through innovative solutions will be better positioned to navigate the complexities of the digital landscape.

Scandium is a no-code platform that streamlines the process of automated testing for software testers, SDETs, product managers, and developers, ultimately transforming the testing experience to be more accessible, efficient, and collaborative. With the Scenario Recording functionality, users can easily capture website interactions via Scandium’s extension, converting them into reusable test actions that facilitate ongoing testing efforts. This platform accommodates both local and cloud-based test executions, enabling users to run tests on local browsers or utilize Scandium’s Cloud Runner for more extensive operations. Scandium is designed to integrate effortlessly with CI/CD pipelines, including popular tools like CircleCI, Jenkins, GitHub Actions, and GitLab, ensuring a smooth workflow for development teams. Additionally, the platform excels in test management, providing teams with resources to coordinate, monitor, and systematically organize their testing endeavors. It even allows for email and SMS testing without requiring specialized inbox setups, which broadens its usability. Comprehensive reports generated by the platform offer actionable insights and practical recommendations for addressing any test-related issues. Overall, Scandium equips teams with intuitive and powerful automation tools that significantly boost the efficiency and fluidity of their testing processes while fostering a collaborative environment.