List of the Top Layer 1 Protocols in 2025 - Page 5

Holochain is an open-source framework designed for decentralized peer-to-peer applications that leverages localized trust circles to maintain data integrity without centralized oversight. By incorporating existing technologies, it capitalizes on the advantages of blockchain, enabling users to manage their own data and fostering accountability amongst peers through a decentralized database. This platform serves as a viable alternative to the dominant centralized models of the Internet, granting individuals the tools to make informed decisions and access trustworthy information, a concept we define as 'digital agency,' which we believe empowers collaboration in addressing today's complex challenges. Moreover, Holochain facilitates effortless integration with other applications, functioning as if they were native to your code, thus eliminating the necessity for an HTTP client and allowing for direct function calls with customizable access controls. The architecture of Holochain allows computation and data to operate at the network's periphery, alleviating users of the burdens associated with infrastructure upkeep and security management. Additionally, the system is engineered to dynamically adapt to disruptions and threats, positioning it as a resilient solution for modern demands. Ultimately, this groundbreaking approach fosters a more robust and user-centric digital environment while paving the way for future innovations that can respond to the evolving landscape of technology.

Hedera is overseen by some of the most esteemed organizations worldwide. As the foremost enterprise-grade public network, Hedera allows you to mold your digital ecosystem according to your aspirations. Its native cryptocurrency, HBAR, is crafted for energy efficiency and serves as the backbone of a decentralized economy. No matter if you are a new startup, a well-established business, a digital creator, or an end-user, Hedera equips developers with advanced tools that transcend conventional blockchain technology, setting the stage for a new era of swift, fair, and secure applications. While Bitcoin paved the way for decentralized systems and Ethereum brought programmability to the forefront, earlier proof-of-work blockchains struggled with considerable drawbacks, including excessive energy consumption and slower transaction speeds to uphold security measures. This high energy requirement often leads to expensive fees, even for simple cryptocurrency transactions. In sharp contrast, Hedera's proof-of-stake public network leverages hashgraph consensus to provide a remarkable level of security known as Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (ABFT). This cutting-edge methodology not only bolsters transaction efficiency but also plays a vital role in fostering a sustainable future for digital finance, ensuring that technology and environmental responsibility can coexist harmoniously.

IOTA has transformed the landscape of distributed ledger technology by enabling secure transactions for both data and value without any associated fees. Its Tangle architecture represents an open, feeless, and highly scalable distributed ledger, allowing for the effortless transfer of data and value. As the first distributed ledger specifically designed for the "Internet of Everything," IOTA facilitates efficient interactions between humans and machines. Unlike conventional systems that rely on blocks or miners, initiating a transaction in IOTA requires the validation of two preceding transactions, showcasing an innovative method that overcomes the cost and scalability issues commonly linked to blockchain technology. Tailored for the Internet of Things, the IOTA network guarantees tamper-proof data integrity, supports feeless microtransactions, and operates with minimal resource needs. In the healthcare sector, where electronic health (eHealth) data is vital, IOTA significantly bolsters the security of this information while creating opportunities for novel healthcare delivery models. By providing robust technology, IOTA ensures that eHealth data is not only secure but also trustworthy, due to the immutable characteristics of the Tangle. This reliability ultimately serves to enhance the experience for both patients and healthcare providers, paving the way for improved health outcomes and greater efficiency in care delivery. Furthermore, the integration of IOTA into healthcare systems could lead to more personalized and responsive patient care, adapting to the needs of individuals in real-time.

ConsenSys Quorum enables enterprises to leverage Ethereum's potential for their advanced blockchain solutions. Organizations can adopt the Quorum open-source framework as a base, further enriched by product modules from ConsenSys, third-party vendors, or their own developers to craft highly efficient and customized applications. Our mission is to ensure a seamless adoption of blockchain technology within business frameworks. In addition, ConsenSys Quorum promotes the integration of various product components from ConsenSys, independent developers, or internal teams to build optimal and adaptable applications. The platform consists of two open-source projects: one derived from Hyperledger Besu and another from GoQuorum. Moreover, ConsenSys Quorum Blockchain Service Support presents a subscription-based model that offers on-demand assistance for both developers and businesses, providing support for projects based on the Quorum open-source protocol, alongside additional tools and updates to maintain the effective performance of production systems. This extensive support is crafted to enhance user interactions while maximizing the capabilities of blockchain technology across a range of applications, ultimately fostering innovation and efficiency in business processes.

Arweave offers a groundbreaking storage solution that ensures data is secured through sustainable and continuous funding, enabling both users and developers to permanently archive information. It operates like a shared hard drive that preserves memories, allowing for the retention of important data, applications, and historical documents without the risk of modification. By protecting our past, Arweave plays a crucial role in preventing the distortion of history by others. Furthermore, the Arweave network features the permaweb, a globally organized, community-oriented platform where individuals can actively contribute and receive rewards for maintaining its infrastructure. Although it mirrors the traditional web, the permaweb guarantees that all its resources—from images to full-fledged applications—are permanently available, quickly accessed, and decentralized. While the original web connected people across vast distances, the permaweb links individuals over extensive periods, addressing common issues like 404 errors, unexpected content alterations, and the degradation of web applications. This innovative approach to data retention and accessibility not only transforms our engagement with information but also reshapes the way we perceive and interact with history. Ultimately, Arweave stands as a testament to the potential of technology to redefine our understanding and preservation of the past.

DeSo is an innovative layer-1 blockchain specifically crafted to foster the development of decentralized social applications, aspiring to connect with a billion users. Social media platforms generate enormous volumes of data, yet existing blockchain technologies often fail to effectively manage and organize this information. By focusing on a significantly untapped area within the blockchain realm—Social Media—DeSo has been thoughtfully designed to meet this critical need. All elements, including code and data, are fully open-source, ensuring that every piece of content is directly stored on-chain. So, what makes DeSo a preferred choice? The answer lies in its unparalleled scalability. It is the only blockchain uniquely designed to facilitate the growth of decentralized social platforms. Additionally, the DeSo blockchain incorporates its own native cryptocurrency, $DESO, which serves multiple purposes such as purchasing social tokens, acquiring NFTs, creating profiles and posts, and even rewarding users with "diamonds." This multifaceted functionality enhances the overall attractiveness of DeSo, establishing it as a holistic platform for social engagement on the blockchain. In a world increasingly driven by digital interaction, DeSo stands ready to redefine how we connect and share.

The Cronos PoS Chain functions as a public, open-source, and permissionless blockchain, distinguished by its fully decentralized structure that ensures fast transaction processing and low fees, which collectively foster the broad acceptance of blockchain technology across multiple domains such as payments, decentralized finance, and non-fungible tokens. Moreover, this network is designed to act as a public utility, enabling creative applications that meet the needs of various users and sectors, thereby enhancing its versatility and encouraging further exploration of its capabilities.

Ergo pioneers state-of-the-art cryptographic technologies and progressive decentralized finance (DeFi) functionalities, building upon a solid foundation forged through over a decade of blockchain research and development. By harnessing ten years of advancements in blockchain, Ergo fuses established principles with cutting-edge academic contributions in areas like cryptography, consensus protocols, and digital currencies. We emphasize the core tenets of blockchain while seamlessly incorporating sophisticated cryptographic elements into our architecture. Our team brings a wealth of experience from the fundamental development of various cryptocurrencies and blockchain solutions, including Nxt, Scorex, and Waves, and our agile approach allows us to quickly respond to new features and industry requirements. This dedication to continuous improvement guarantees that we stay at the leading edge of technological progress in the blockchain sector, effectively shaping the future of decentralized finance and security. As we move forward, our commitment to integrating advanced technologies will only strengthen our position in the ever-evolving landscape of digital assets.

As we navigate a world increasingly dominated by digital solutions, traditional currencies are often perceived as antiquated and inefficient. Currently, cash transactions can prove to be more economical compared to the fees associated with services like banks, PayPal, and Alipay. Enter COTI, a groundbreaking fintech platform tailored for enterprises, which empowers businesses to develop personalized payment solutions while converting any currency into a digital form to streamline processes and reduce expenses. Capable of processing over 100,000 transactions per second (TPS), COTI vastly exceeds the capabilities of traditional payment systems that manage only 25,000 TPS and typical blockchain networks that handle around 20 TPS. The user and merchant tools offered by COTI are crafted for easy integration and user-friendliness. Furthermore, COTI introduces a pioneering dispute resolution mechanism that safeguards users against errors, fraud, and exploitation from their counterparts. By cutting out intermediaries and eliminating costly mining operations, COTI significantly lowers both financial and energy expenditures. The company is also focused on developing technology for price stability, which is essential for fostering the widespread acceptance of blockchain in payment systems. Thanks to COTI's sophisticated technology, transactions, peer-to-peer payments, and remittances can be completed almost instantly, rather than requiring several hours, thereby improving overall user experience and satisfaction. This transformation in payment processing not only enhances efficiency but also positions COTI as a pivotal player in the evolving landscape of financial transactions, paving the way for future innovations in the industry.

DERO stands out as a pioneering decentralized application platform that focuses on privacy, scalability, and versatile functionality, allowing developers to build powerful applications while giving users full control and confidentiality over their assets. The platform ensures that account balances and data remain encrypted, granting access solely to the account owners, marking a revolutionary advancement in data privacy. Crafted entirely in Golang, DERO is a unique creation rather than a derivative of any other cryptocurrency and is actively developed by its original team. Its innovative homomorphic encryption protocol serves both individual users and businesses worldwide, enabling swift and anonymous transactions alongside smart contract functionalities and various service models. The DERO Project is committed to cultivating a secure environment where developers can deploy decentralized applications that emphasize privacy and scalability. By prioritizing security and confidentiality, DERO distinguishes itself in the competitive blockchain arena while fostering new opportunities for users who seek high performance coupled with privacy in their digital activities. This unique combination of features not only enhances the user experience but also encourages broader adoption of blockchain technologies across different sectors.

Aleph Zero is a public blockchain that emphasizes privacy and guarantees immediate transaction finality, making it particularly suited for enterprise applications, Web 3.0, and decentralized finance (DeFi) use cases. This blockchain employs a proof-of-stake mechanism and integrates a unique aBFT consensus protocol along with a customized substrate stack. Currently, the development team is working on enhancing the platform by implementing a privacy framework that leverages Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and secure Multi-Party Computation (sMPC), offering developers cutting-edge solutions for private smart contracts. In a recent laboratory evaluation, Aleph Zero's consensus mechanism, referred to as AlephBFT, showcased an impressive throughput of 89,600 transactions per second and a confirmation time of just 416 milliseconds, all conducted in a decentralized test environment that included 112 AWS nodes spread across five continents. Nonetheless, it remains to be seen how Aleph Zero will perform in real-world scenarios, especially when faced with high network traffic. The Aleph Zero Consensus Protocol has successfully passed peer review and is set to be published in the proceedings of the 2019 Advances in Financial Technology conference, highlighting its innovation and reliability within the blockchain sector. Looking ahead, future enhancements will prioritize further improvements to both privacy and scalability in order to accommodate the changing needs of users. This ongoing commitment to innovation positions Aleph Zero as a leading contender in the rapidly evolving blockchain landscape.

Seele utilizes an advanced anti-ASIC MPoW algorithm and incorporates Seele Sharding Technology, which allows its main-net to achieve an impressive throughput of 2000 transactions per second, serving as an initial standard with the potential to expand as user demand increases. Furthermore, Seele provides complete compatibility with EVM-based smart contracts. The unique MPoW (Matrix-Proof-of-Work) consensus mechanism, an innovative creation from SeeleTech, is embedded in the Seele main-net. In contrast to conventional PoW systems, MPoW compels miners to compute the determinants of sub-matrices derived from a matrix constructed from n hashes, moving beyond the reliance on straightforward brute-force hashing to meet targets. This intricate multi-step approach effectively reduces the chances of ASIC and GPU monopolization, fostering a more balanced mining atmosphere. Consequently, the architecture of Seele not only boosts its operational efficiency but also reinforces the decentralization of its overall network, thereby ensuring a fairer participation from all miners involved.

Litecoin functions as a decentralized currency that enables peer-to-peer transactions over the Internet, allowing for immediate and nearly fee-less global exchanges. It is an open-source payment system that operates autonomously, using mathematical algorithms to maintain security and empower users with complete control over their financial dealings. In comparison to the dominant cryptocurrency, Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations and improved storage capabilities. With considerable support from the industry, Litecoin boasts substantial trading volume and liquidity, making it a trustworthy alternative to Bitcoin for everyday transactions. Furthermore, the encryption of wallets enhances the safety of your assets by necessitating a password for fund access, which enables users to monitor their transaction history and balances while guarding against potential malware threats that could compromise their wallets. This additional security feature not only protects against various risks but also acts as a verification measure prior to completing any transactions. Consequently, Litecoin emerges as a secure, efficient, and user-friendly option for those engaged in digital currency transactions. Moreover, its continuous development and community support ensure that it remains competitive in the ever-evolving cryptocurrency landscape.

Mina stands out as the world's most lightweight blockchain, fueled by its active community of users. Utilizing zero knowledge technology, Mina aspires to create a secure and equitable infrastructure that is rightfully owed to everyone. Developers are able to build applications on Mina through zkApps, which are smart contracts that incorporate principles of zero knowledge. A new SDK based on Typescript is set to be introduced soon. In the current digital environment, people frequently find themselves having to give up their personal data to centralized entities to fully participate in online activities. However, Mina's zkApps provide users with the ability to keep their privacy intact, enabling them to validate and share proof of their information without disclosing the actual data. For example, you could obtain a loan by simply presenting evidence of your identity and creditworthiness, thus removing the need to reveal sensitive personal details. This innovative method significantly mitigates the chances of data breaches or unauthorized sales, ensuring that individuals retain exclusive ownership of their information, which remains securely on their devices. By revolutionizing data management, Mina not only enhances user privacy but also lays the groundwork for a digital future that prioritizes trust and user empowerment. As such, Mina is not just redefining blockchain technology, but is also reshaping the very principles of data interaction in our increasingly digital society.

The ecosystem of Bitcoin SV is built on four fundamental pillars that support its infrastructure, with the goal of creating a global blockchain solution. This structure enables businesses to plan for the future and invest significantly in development on a dependable protocol. It increases capacity via a scalable design that permits miners to modify block sizes as needed. Moreover, it fosters efficient change management, guarantees rigorous external security evaluations, and provides an appealing bug bounty initiative. Additionally, it paves the way for traditional retail to explore new opportunities while encouraging creative business models through micropayments and nanoservices. For those new to digital currencies, merchants looking to accept BSV transactions, or companies in search of blockchain solutions, BitcoinSV.com is a crucial resource, offering extensive information and useful links. This all-encompassing support system can effectively assist you in navigating the complexities of understanding and utilizing Bitcoin SV to its fullest potential. By engaging with these resources, users can gain a deeper insight into the benefits and functionalities of the Bitcoin SV ecosystem.

Acquiring Dash online is an uncomplicated endeavor, whether you obtain it from friends or through conveniently placed ATMs. This cryptocurrency allows you to pay for everyday items like coffee, book flights, or manage your phone bills effortlessly. Its acceptance is growing rapidly, as countless businesses are adopting it daily. With Dash, users experience cryptocurrency transactions that enhance usability, featuring social components such as usernames, contacts, and customizable options. Since Dash operates under the same transaction protocols as Bitcoin, it can be regarded similarly regarding regulatory and compliance aspects. Support from KYC/AML service providers such as BlockchainIntel and Coinfirm bolsters the security and regulatory adherence of the Dash blockchain. Incorporating Dash into your financial transactions is a smooth process, giving you complete control over your assets. You have the option to convert Dash to your local currency instantly, retain all of it, or choose a combination that aligns with your preferences. The adaptability and ease of use offered by Dash make it an attractive option for both novice and seasoned cryptocurrency enthusiasts. Moreover, as the market for digital currencies continues to expand, Dash's innovative features position it well for future growth and user engagement.

Persistence operates as a Layer-1 network utilizing the Tendermint/Cosmos framework, aimed at promoting a range of decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions while striving to establish liquid-staked assets as the norm in the proof-of-stake (PoS) economy. Its key feature is interoperability, which empowers developers to create applications that can function independently, be modular, or built upon Persistence's CosmWasm layer. Users within the Persistence ecosystem can establish App-chains that retain compatibility with the extensive Cosmos/IBC ecosystem, enabling efficient routing of IBC assets through the Persistence Core-1 chain. Moreover, developers are granted the option to build Modular Apps directly on the Core-1 chain, leveraging components of the Persistence architecture as easily incorporated interfaces. The incorporation of CosmWasm further paves the way for the development of high-performance Smart Contract Apps on the Persistence chain, facilitating smooth upgrades and improvements over time. This forward-thinking methodology not only positions Persistence as a vital entity within the decentralized finance sector but also enhances its potential to adapt to future innovations and demands in the market. As the DeFi space continues to evolve, the capabilities offered by Persistence are likely to play a significant role in shaping its trajectory.

The CLV Chain is an innovative Layer 1 blockchain built on Substrate that ensures full compatibility with EVM, enabling cross-chain interactions. It offers a strong infrastructure that bolsters the growth of decentralized applications in the rapidly changing multi-chain landscape. CLV enhances multi-chain indexing, allowing users to access data seamlessly from leading networks such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Polkadot. This comprehensive platform enables users to easily search for blocks, transactions, and accounts, greatly improving their overall experience. To foster development among dApp creators, CLV rewards them by allocating a share of transaction fees, which nurtures a vibrant community and stimulates innovation in the DeFi sector on both Sakura and CLV. Furthermore, CLV features a Dynamic Fee Schedule, a groundbreaking mechanism for gas calculation that provides users with discounts based on their activity levels—less active users incur higher charges, while frequent participants enjoy decreasing costs over time, motivating ongoing involvement. This approach not only benefits developers but also enriches user experiences, thereby contributing to a more dynamic and interconnected blockchain ecosystem. Ultimately, CLV’s design and features position it as a key player in the future of decentralized finance.

Coreum represents a next-generation blockchain, purposefully built to serve as a fundamental layer for future decentralized applications. With a remarkable ability to process up to 7,000 transactions per second, it stands out as the fastest blockchain today, utilizing a unique setup of 16 rotating validators. By employing the established Tendermint Consensus Engine alongside the Cosmos SDK, Coreum offers a proof-of-stake model with minimal latency. Developers benefit from the versatility of working in multiple programming languages, which can be converted into the modern Turing-complete Web Assembly (WASM) format for execution. In an ecosystem crowded with numerous blockchains, Coreum significantly boosts interoperability by integrating bridge capabilities, which enable smooth interactions with various chains through a system of collateralized wrapping. This forward-thinking strategy not only enhances connectivity but also contributes to a more integrated and unified environment across diverse blockchain networks. Such advancements in interoperability are crucial for the evolution of decentralized technologies.

Aptos Labs focuses on developing a Layer 1 blockchain that is designed to be user-friendly for everyone. Users can create a wide array of applications on the Aptos Blockchain, participate in node operations, and immerse themselves in the swiftly expanding Aptos community. When a user initiates a transaction on this blockchain, they are effectively requesting an update to the ledger state that incorporates the specifics of their transaction. You are empowered to generate, submit, and validate transactions on the Aptos Blockchain, starting with crafting your very first Move Module specifically for the Aptos ecosystem, and moving on to deploy your inaugural coin on the network. Furthermore, you have the opportunity to learn how to build your first decentralized application (dapp). Each account within the Aptos network is assigned a unique account address that corresponds to a set of public and private keys owned by the account holder, alongside an associated authentication key. To facilitate interactions with the blockchain, Aptos provides a REST API that allows users to smoothly scan transactions and accounts across the network. You can also access comprehensive ledger information from the FullNode, which contains detailed account data and the resources linked to those accounts. By engaging with the Aptos ecosystem, you not only sharpen your technical skills but also forge connections with a dynamic community of developers who share your interests and aspirations. This collaborative environment fosters innovation and encourages continuous learning among its members.

Gnosis Chain emerges as a frontrunner among Ethereum's sidechains, diligently maintaining its core values. It enables contributors worldwide to easily run nodes, fortified by a solid security framework that includes over 120,000 validators. The diverse makeup of its validator community, along with governance led by its users, ensures that Gnosis Chain remains committed to credible neutrality while offering services at a fraction of the cost of the primary Ethereum network. Being EVM-compatible, it benefits from stakers operating from various locations, effectively addressing the needs of its users. Additionally, Gnosis Chain offers user-friendly tools and is set to introduce trustless bridges to the mainnet, which will further improve its functionality and outreach. This evolution places Gnosis Chain as a compelling choice for both developers and users in the ever-expanding blockchain landscape. Its commitment to innovation and accessibility continues to attract a diverse range of participants.

Monad is a formidable Layer 1 blockchain that offers seamless compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Boasting a remarkable ability to handle up to 10,000 transactions per second, it ensures rapid block confirmations within a second and achieves finality in a single slot. The platform is meticulously designed to require minimal hardware, promoting the efficient scaling of decentralized applications while upholding security and the core tenets of decentralization. Its cutting-edge architecture features sophisticated capabilities such as optimistic parallel execution, asynchronous processing, and a unique state database called MonadDB, all of which significantly boost its performance and scalability. As a result, Monad emerges as an appealing option for developers looking to create high-performance blockchain solutions, making it a strong contender in the competitive blockchain landscape. Its emphasis on innovation and efficiency positions it well for future growth and adoption.

BlockGuard presents a comprehensive selection of secure decentralized finance (DeFi) tools designed to bridge the gap between traditional financial systems and the DeFi ecosystem. This collection features the BlockGuard Network (BGN), a Layer 1 blockchain, along with a user-friendly digital wallet called Fusio Wallet, a portfolio management application known as Fusio Portfolio, and two tokens that facilitate investments and interactions within the DeFi space. By offering these innovative resources, BlockGuard aims to democratize DeFi access, inspiring a greater number of people to shift from traditional finance towards more advanced decentralized alternatives. The overarching goal of BlockGuard is to enhance the user experience in the DeFi landscape, making financial independence more achievable for a broader audience. With a commitment to user-friendly solutions, BlockGuard is positioning itself as a leader in the transition towards a decentralized financial future.

Cardano stands out as a groundbreaking blockchain platform crafted for innovators, changemakers, and visionaries, offering essential tools and technologies that create opportunities for individuals and communities while catalyzing global change. As the pioneer of proof-of-stake blockchain technology, Cardano is grounded in thorough peer-reviewed research and utilizes evidence-based approaches for its evolution. This forward-thinking platform merges sophisticated technologies to provide unparalleled security and sustainability for decentralized applications, systems, and communities. Guided by a reputable team of engineers, Cardano's mission is to empower individuals by redistributing power from unaccountable institutions and paving the way for significant progress and transformation. Furthermore, Cardano aims to restore trust in global systems by developing a more secure, transparent, and sustainable framework for transactions, governance, and enterprise growth. In addition to its focus on innovation, Cardano also emphasizes collaboration and inclusivity, recognizing that collective effort is vital for achieving lasting change. Ultimately, the platform embodies a dedication to applying scientific principles for societal advancement, ensuring that the benefits of progress are shared by all.

The Cosmos network embodies an ever-expanding ecosystem of interconnected applications and services, envisioned for a future underpinned by decentralization. Step into an innovative world filled with cooperative services that enhance functionality. By leveraging the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol, it allows for smooth and efficient exchanges of assets and data between various independent decentralized blockchains. Serving as the economic nucleus of the Cosmos, the Cosmos Hub acts as a blockchain that provides critical services for the Interchain. It is set to introduce a state-of-the-art decentralized exchange that will enable users to trade digital assets from different blockchains within the Interchain, all while ensuring low fees and prompt transaction confirmations. Furthermore, the forthcoming Interchain Staking feature will empower ATOM to safeguard multiple chains, rewarding users with additional staking benefits. A core mission of the Hub is to unite diverse blockchains through the establishment of IBC connections with compatible networks and the construction of decentralized bridges to major chains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin, significantly improving the overall interoperability of the blockchain ecosystem. This vision underscores Cosmos's commitment to fostering a more integrated and efficient digital environment, ultimately transforming how decentralized applications interact and operate with one another.