List of the Top 11 Layer 1 Protocols for Rubic in 2025

DAppChain represents TRON's commitment to advancing sidechain technology, designed to enhance the functionality of decentralized applications (DApps) on the TRON network by prioritizing energy efficiency, speed, and security, which collectively ensure virtually unlimited scalability for the primary TRON infrastructure. The notable increase in throughput is a result of optimizing transactions per second (TPS), surpassing those of both Bitcoin and Ethereum and enabling practical, everyday usage. This impressive scalability, along with the effective implementation of smart contracts, allows for a wide array of application deployment options on TRON, effectively catering to a large user base. Moreover, an improved reward distribution system adds to the reliability of the network, safeguarding user assets while encouraging intrinsic value and a higher degree of decentralized consensus. Meanwhile, Poloniex has developed a decentralized trading platform that originated from TRXMarket, which was once the most prominent decentralized trading venue on TRON and has consistently held a position among the top five for trading volume in the TRON DApp ecosystem. This transformation exemplifies TRON's ongoing evolution and responsiveness in the decentralized finance landscape, highlighting its potential for future developments. As the ecosystem grows, it continues to attract more users and developers, fostering innovation and enhancing its competitive edge in the blockchain space.

Ethereum stands as a community-centric platform that underpins the cryptocurrency ether (ETH) alongside a diverse array of decentralized applications. This cutting-edge technology supports not only digital currency transactions but also facilitates global payments and a wide range of applications. Through the power of collaboration, the community has nurtured a dynamic digital economy, opening up new avenues for creators to monetize their work online and much more. With accessibility for anyone possessing an internet connection, Ethereum dismantles obstacles for billions who are either unbanked or encounter limitations on their financial dealings. Its decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem operates tirelessly and impartially, enabling users to send, receive, borrow, earn interest, and even stream funds across the globe. Unlike conventional internet services that often demand compromises on personal data privacy, Ethereum prioritizes transparency as a core tenet—requiring only a wallet for participation. By staking your ETH, you have the opportunity to act as a validator, playing a crucial role in safeguarding and upholding the integrity of this revolutionary platform. Consequently, Ethereum not only empowers individuals but also promotes a more inclusive financial landscape for all, inspiring innovation and creativity in the digital realm. As the platform evolves, it continues to attract a diverse range of participants eager to explore its limitless potential.

The BNB Smart Chain (BSC), launched by Binance, is a blockchain designed to support decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts. Operating in conjunction with Binance Chain, it combines high-speed transaction capabilities with the flexibility of smart contracts that are compatible with Ethereum. By employing a Proof-of-Staked-Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism, BSC enhances both scalability and efficiency while keeping transaction costs low. Its alignment with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) simplifies the process for developers looking to migrate dApps and projects from the Ethereum network. Consequently, BSC has seen considerable growth in the decentralized finance (DeFi), gaming, and NFT sectors, offering users a fast, affordable, and secure platform for blockchain innovations. Additionally, the expanding community and ecosystem not only draw in cutting-edge projects but also foster greater user participation and interaction. This ongoing evolution signifies BSC's pivotal role in shaping the future of decentralized technologies.

Kusama provides unmatched interoperability and scalability for blockchain developers eager to push the limits of creativity and technological advancements. Built using Substrate and sharing a nearly identical codebase along with an advanced multichain infrastructure with Polkadot, it distinguishes itself through its remarkable features. In an era where the equilibrium between technology and society has diminished, often resulting in large organizations overstepping their bounds, Kusama acts as a dynamic and rapid 'canary in the coal mine' for its more established sibling, Polkadot. This lively platform caters to innovators who aspire to reclaim power, spark imagination, and defy traditional standards. Prioritizing speed, it encourages developers to swiftly bring their ideas to life. The adventurous ethos of Kusama allows developers to easily navigate governance and upgrade pathways, promoting rapid growth and development. By operating on a state-of-the-art, sharded multichain network, users can take advantage of the latest advancements before they are rolled out on Polkadot, keeping them at the cutting edge of technological evolution. This forward-thinking mentality nurtures an environment of ongoing enhancement and quickens the flow of innovation throughout the blockchain community, fostering a vibrant ecosystem where change is not only welcomed but actively pursued.

Build on Avalanche and unleash your creativity. This platform stands out as a highly adaptable and open environment for decentralized finance (DeFi) applications. You can deploy Ethereum-based dapps here, benefiting from instant transaction confirmations and the ability to process thousands of transactions per second, far exceeding the performance of existing decentralized blockchains. Tailor blockchains to meet your unique application needs. You can establish your own virtual machine and set the operational parameters of your blockchain, allowing for a high degree of customization. By staking or locking your AVAX tokens, you actively participate in transaction processing and bolster the platform's security, offering assurances that surpass the conventional 51% threshold. Chances are, you already have the necessary hardware to engage with the platform effectively. Avalanche is fully compatible with Solidity, meaning all your favorite development tools—including Remix, Truffle, and Tenderly—will work smoothly. Additionally, the cost of deploying smart contracts on Avalanche is significantly reduced, at just one-tenth of Ethereum's fees, effectively addressing high gas expenditures, front-running concerns, and the challenges posed by slow smart contract blockchains. With its innovative features, Avalanche not only paves the way for a more accessible decentralized finance landscape but also enhances efficiency and scalability for developers and users alike. Embrace the future of finance with Avalanche and find new opportunities to innovate.

Ontology enhances the validation of identities and promotes cooperative data usage among users, vehicles, and external parties. The management of data access, utilization, and retention is meticulously regulated by the permissions granted by the data owner. By leveraging the Ontology Trust Framework alongside Self-Sovereign Data Storage, a range of cryptographic techniques are employed to safeguard user identities and ensure data confidentiality. Each transaction involving data transfer requires clear and explicit permission, and users can engage in selective data sharing through tailored authorization protocols and cryptographic strategies. The integration of blockchain technology facilitates reliable traceability, authorization, and validation of personal information. In specific instances, we also utilize Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) technology, which allows for data processing and analysis while upholding user privacy. The current moment presents an opportunity to reclaim authority over your digital identity. With ONT ID, you obtain full autonomy regarding your private information, enabling you to dictate how your data is shared and establish your own guidelines for accessibility. This degree of control not only empowers users but also plays a crucial role in securing their digital presence in an ever-connected environment, ultimately fostering trust and confidence in personal data management.

Aptos Labs focuses on developing a Layer 1 blockchain that is designed to be user-friendly for everyone. Users can create a wide array of applications on the Aptos Blockchain, participate in node operations, and immerse themselves in the swiftly expanding Aptos community. When a user initiates a transaction on this blockchain, they are effectively requesting an update to the ledger state that incorporates the specifics of their transaction. You are empowered to generate, submit, and validate transactions on the Aptos Blockchain, starting with crafting your very first Move Module specifically for the Aptos ecosystem, and moving on to deploy your inaugural coin on the network. Furthermore, you have the opportunity to learn how to build your first decentralized application (dapp). Each account within the Aptos network is assigned a unique account address that corresponds to a set of public and private keys owned by the account holder, alongside an associated authentication key. To facilitate interactions with the blockchain, Aptos provides a REST API that allows users to smoothly scan transactions and accounts across the network. You can also access comprehensive ledger information from the FullNode, which contains detailed account data and the resources linked to those accounts. By engaging with the Aptos ecosystem, you not only sharpen your technical skills but also forge connections with a dynamic community of developers who share your interests and aspirations. This collaborative environment fosters innovation and encourages continuous learning among its members.

Solana stands out as an incredibly fast, secure, and censorship-resistant blockchain, providing the vital infrastructure necessary for its global adoption. Many leading projects in decentralized finance (DeFi), Web3, and blockchain gaming choose to build on Solana, emphasizing their commitment to sustainability over the long term. With the capability to process an astonishing 50,000 transactions per second, Solana distinguishes itself in the competitive blockchain environment. However, don’t just take our word for it—experience the network's exceptional speed for yourself. Say goodbye to high fees and slow transaction confirmations, as Solana is specifically designed for rapid execution without sacrificing quality. By leveraging Proof of History and other cutting-edge technologies, Solana effectively scales in line with Moore's Law. There’s no need to worry about rising costs as your user base grows; Solana assures consistently low fees, even for apps catering to billions of users. Its integrated global state fosters effortless composability between various projects, thereby removing the obstacles typically associated with multiple shards or layer 2 solutions. Consequently, developers are empowered to concentrate on innovation, free from the constraints of conventional blockchain systems, and can explore new possibilities in their projects without limitations.

Tezos stands out as an open-source framework for digital assets and applications, prioritizing security and sustainability, and it is backed by a global community of validators, researchers, and developers. By addressing critical obstacles that have impeded the widespread use of blockchain, Tezos ensures smart contract safety, facilitates long-term upgrades, and encourages open participation among users. Tailored for high-value applications, it guarantees the safety and accuracy of the code essential for effective asset management. The platform’s native smart contract language, Michelson, incorporates formal verification—a method commonly employed in high-stakes industries such as aerospace, nuclear energy, and semiconductor production. Tezos features a versatile architecture along with a structured upgrade process, enabling the seamless integration and adoption of emerging technological innovations. This proactive strategy, coupled with an on-chain invoicing mechanism, positions Tezos to remain at the forefront of the blockchain landscape in the years to come, all while ensuring that community consensus is preserved. Ultimately, Tezos embodies an innovative solution that meets the shifting needs and expectations of the blockchain sector, promoting a collaborative environment for future advancements. Its commitment to adaptability and security underscores its role as a leader in the evolution of digital technology.

Litecoin functions as a decentralized currency that enables peer-to-peer transactions over the Internet, allowing for immediate and nearly fee-less global exchanges. It is an open-source payment system that operates autonomously, using mathematical algorithms to maintain security and empower users with complete control over their financial dealings. In comparison to the dominant cryptocurrency, Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations and improved storage capabilities. With considerable support from the industry, Litecoin boasts substantial trading volume and liquidity, making it a trustworthy alternative to Bitcoin for everyday transactions. Furthermore, the encryption of wallets enhances the safety of your assets by necessitating a password for fund access, which enables users to monitor their transaction history and balances while guarding against potential malware threats that could compromise their wallets. This additional security feature not only protects against various risks but also acts as a verification measure prior to completing any transactions. Consequently, Litecoin emerges as a secure, efficient, and user-friendly option for those engaged in digital currency transactions. Moreover, its continuous development and community support ensure that it remains competitive in the ever-evolving cryptocurrency landscape.

Harmony is a high-speed, open blockchain that operates its mainnet to run Ethereum applications with a remarkable two-second response time and fees that are 100 times lower. With secure bridges, Harmony enables seamless cross-chain asset transfers between Ethereum, Binance, and various other networks, fostering a vibrant ecosystem for creators to engage with their communities. Its bridges facilitate connections between both Proof of Work and Proof of Stake chains, ensuring versatility and inclusivity. The FlyClient architecture is designed to be completely trustless and highly gas-efficient, currently safeguarding tens of millions of cross-chain assets from Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain. Developers can easily switch the Chain ID, allowing for swifter execution of EVMs that maintain identical bytecode, simplifying migration to Harmony with their existing Web3 tools. For users, familiar platforms like MetaMask and Ledger remain accessible, and they will benefit from significantly reduced transaction fees. Additionally, any Ethereum portal or wallet can operate on Harmony without requiring code alterations or new installations, making it an attractive option for a broader audience. Overall, Harmony's innovative approach not only enhances performance but also streamlines the user experience across different blockchain environments.