List of the Top Layer 2 Protocols in 2025 - Page 2

Each day, numerous transactions take place on the blockchain, forcing users to sacrifice their privacy because anyone who knows their address can access their entire financial record. To tackle this challenge, Suterusu has introduced a revolutionary Layer 2 privacy-preserving protocol known as Suter Shield, which effectively masks the identities of senders and receivers to safeguard transaction information using advanced cryptographic techniques. By decoupling the addresses that enter and exit Layer 1, this solution ensures complete anonymity for both users and transaction details within Layer 2. The protocol also features a sophisticated ZK-ConSNARK framework, characterized by a proof size that remains virtually unchanged, along with streamlined processes for proof generation and verification. This breakthrough not only bolsters security but also cultivates increased trust among users engaging in blockchain transactions. Furthermore, Suter Shield represents a significant advancement in privacy technology, paving the way for more secure and confidential digital interactions.

Trinity places a strong emphasis on protecting user privacy by utilizing a range of technologies designed for data security and enhanced privacy protocols. Its innovative state channel feature facilitates swift off-chain transactions, which significantly boosts processing efficiency. The protocol is entirely open-source, granting developers the freedom to create and develop their own applications on its framework. As a holistic off-chain scaling solution, Trinity aims to support real-time transactions while ensuring minimal fees, scalability, and stringent privacy protections for assets residing on the mainchain. By utilizing state channel technology, Trinity is poised to substantially increase the transaction capacity of foundational blockchains and the assets governed by smart contracts. Furthermore, the TNC cross-chain converter simplifies the transfer of data and value across various blockchain networks, ensuring seamless interoperability. Looking ahead, Trinity envisions evolving into a fully self-sufficient and decentralized ecosystem that enhances performance across its entire framework, while also providing extensive support for decentralized applications (dApps) built on underlying chains. This dedication to improving user experience and fostering innovation solidifies Trinity's role as a significant influencer in the blockchain domain, paving the way for future advancements in technology and user engagement.

Verse presents a robust, interconnected cloud solution that is built to withstand censorship and front running, tailored specifically for the emerging era of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and decentralized finance (DeFi). It boasts significantly reduced governance costs in comparison to Ethereum-based DAOs, enabling the ecosystem to gather and analyze more valuable data insights. The platform facilitates the documentation of on-chain governance activities while seamlessly combining off-chain social engagement data from dedicated forums and well-known social media platforms. STPT token holders are empowered to vote on essential proposals within the ecosystem, which also serves as a mechanism to offset gas fees associated with transactions and the execution of smart contracts. Furthermore, users can modify collateralization ratios, price curves, and various other parameters that affect asset characteristics. Equipped with a complete array of native tools and infrastructure, Verse simplifies the decentralized decision-making process for users, communities, and organizations, thereby boosting overall efficiency and participation. By fostering a collaborative environment for governance, Verse not only enhances user engagement but also positions itself as a frontrunner in the rapidly changing domain of decentralized finance and governance. This innovative framework has the potential to reshape how organizations and communities operate within the blockchain ecosystem.

The Socket Protocol is recognized as the first Chain Abstraction Protocol, crafted with a flexible, extensible, and modular architecture that supports the creation of applications abstracted from specific chains. It leverages Modular Order Flow Auctions (MOFA) to allow developers to effortlessly connect with diverse applications, users, and assets spanning numerous blockchains. This groundbreaking methodology not only improves interoperability but also cultivates a dynamic ecosystem for developing decentralized solutions, ultimately paving the way for innovative projects that can thrive in a multi-chain landscape.

Access a growing array of trading, yield generation, and liquidity avenues across multiple blockchains at a low cost. Qredo simplifies the DeFi trading experience by removing network fees, intricate multi-leg transactions, and tedious approvals through its cutting-edge multi-party computation (MPC) technology. Customize governance frameworks to fit seamlessly with existing corporate structures and asset management processes. Participate in trading, transferring, and managing digital assets on a decentralized platform that allows you to choose between managed and self-custody options. Enjoy rapid transfers and cross-chain atomic swaps which significantly boost capital efficiency and profitability. Enhance your overall returns with no-cost deposits when securing assets on the Qredo Network. Headquartered in London, UK, with development teams based in Sofia, Bulgaria, Qredo is a well-funded, venture-backed startup addressing a growing demand for its services. The company's dedication to innovation and ensuring customer satisfaction solidifies its position as a frontrunner in the dynamic crypto landscape. As the industry evolves, Qredo continues to adapt and enhance its offerings to meet the needs of its users.

Accumulate is a groundbreaking blockchain protocol centered on the principle of identities. It enables the allocation of Accumulate Digital Identifiers (ADIs) to a diverse range of entities such as individuals, devices, organizations, and even physical items. Thanks to its multi-chain design, Accumulate achieves remarkable throughput, boasting an astounding 70,000 transactions per second (TPS), which ranks it among the fastest protocols in existence. The protocol also integrates essential hierarchies that enhance security to meet enterprise-level requirements. Users on the Accumulate platform benefit from the ability to rotate, recreate, and reassign their private keys whenever necessary. This hierarchical approach to key management not only fortifies security but also safeguards assets in an ever-evolving digital environment. Furthermore, the system's flexibility makes it exceptionally suitable for a wide array of applications, ranging from personal identity verification to enterprise solutions.

zkLend is a money-market protocol built on StarkNet as a layer-2 solution, combining the advantages of zk-rollups with the security and reliability of Ethereum, resulting in improved transaction speed and lower costs. The platform features a dual strategy, providing a compliant and permissioned option for institutional investors while also offering a permissionless alternative for DeFi enthusiasts, all while prioritizing decentralization. At the core of zkLend's philosophy is the belief that true decentralized finance should be built on blockchain platforms that are not just cost-effective and fast, but also secure and decentralized. The creators of zkLend hold that Ethereum is the only truly decentralized option, asserting that zk technology is essential for achieving scalability without sacrificing the key attributes that make Ethereum unique. Participants in zkLend can deposit their assets into a reserve pool, which subsequently offers liquidity to the various money markets, thereby contributing to a more streamlined and accessible financial ecosystem. This innovative framework aims to bridge the gap between traditional finance and decentralized finance, ensuring that diverse users can benefit from its offerings. Overall, zkLend is poised to redefine how financial services operate in the evolving landscape of blockchain technology.

Base serves as an economical and secure Layer 2 solution for Ethereum, specifically tailored for developers who want to broaden web3 access to a billion users. By leveraging Ethereum’s core security, it ensures the crucial scalability and safety required for decentralized applications, while allowing smooth transitions from platforms like Coinbase, Ethereum Layer 1, and other compatible ecosystems. Developers benefit from utilizing the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) environment at a dramatically lower cost. In addition, users can experience early access to cutting-edge Ethereum functionalities such as Account Abstraction (ERC4337), intuitive developer APIs for gasless transactions, and advanced smart contract wallet features. Constructed on the open-source OP Stack from Optimism, Base streamlines the integration process for decentralized applications with Coinbase’s range of products and vast distribution network. With seamless Coinbase integrations, accessible fiat onramps, and links to the Coinbase ecosystem—which includes 110 million verified users and $80 billion in managed assets—Base stands out as a prime platform for developers eager to enhance their visibility and efficiency in the web3 domain. The array of features offered by Base not only appeals to developers but also fosters an environment ripe for innovation within the decentralized landscape, encouraging a new wave of creative applications and services.

Develop decentralized applications that provide exceptional user experiences by harnessing the unparalleled security of Ethereum via our sophisticated layer-2 network built on a modular framework. Experience remarkable transaction speeds combined with robust security, all while utilizing Ethereum's roll-up technology in an environment that is fully compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine. The Mantle Liquidity Staking Protocol (LSP) represents a vital component of the Mantle ecosystem, enabling users to stake ETH and receive rewards in the form of mETH (Mantle Staked Ether). With a significant treasury under our management, we concentrate on delivering economic benefits for Mantle products, prioritizing value creation, transparency, and sound governance. Our unwavering dedication to these values guarantees that users can have confidence in the integrity and dependability of our ecosystem. Ultimately, this commitment to excellence fosters a thriving community that can actively participate in the burgeoning world of decentralized finance.

Utilize leverage of up to 50 times directly from your wallet for a smooth trading experience. You can also stake your stablecoins to receive rewards, making this platform an ideal choice for maximizing your returns on USDC or FUSDT. Built on the high-speed Fantom blockchain, Tomb Chain emphasizes eco-friendliness in its design. To transition your stablecoins into the Fantom ecosystem, you may opt for either Felix Exchange or Multichain from a variety of other networks. The user-friendly interface of this website enhances the staking and earning process within DeFi, rendering it more approachable than conventional methods. To begin, you’ll need to confirm a transaction to enable the use of your stablecoins, followed by selecting the amount you wish to deposit. Once you input your desired deposit amount, you will need to complete another transaction in your wallet to finalize it. Your stablecoins can then be reinvested on this platform, allowing you to elevate your farming experience through the power of compounding earnings. This method not only optimizes your yield but also offers a simplified approach to managing your crypto assets. Overall, this platform stands out for its commitment to user accessibility and sustainable trading practices.

SX is on a clear mission to slash betting costs dramatically by 90%, reducing them from 4.8% down to a mere 0.5%. This transformation represents an extraordinary tenfold improvement over typical industry odds. In simpler terms, with a $100 wager on an even chance, bettors could earn a profit of $99, resulting in a 10% boost in payouts. Unlike traditional sportsbooks that restrict users to the bets predetermined by the company, SX Network functions as a peer-to-peer betting exchange, allowing all users the autonomy to place and accept bets. This groundbreaking model encourages more competitive odds and prevents site owners from exploiting users for financial gain. Operating on a unique EVM-compatible blockchain, SX Bet is the first fully integrated betting application chain ever developed. Essentially, SX reimagines sports betting as a financial market where individuals can secure wins instead of just a casino-like atmosphere that emphasizes losses. Moreover, each time a user wins a bet, they not only collect their winnings but also earn SX tokens, which further motivates engagement in the platform. This dual reward system not only enhances the betting experience but also creates a vibrant community of participants eager to maximize their potential gains.

Manta Pacific employs Celestia in conjunction with a tailored OP stack to deliver a sophisticated technical framework that excels in scalability and keeps gas fees low. This platform, enhanced by Manta Pacific's universal circuits, establishes a unique environment for the creation and execution of Zero-Knowledge (ZK) applications and decentralized applications (dApps). The applications developed on Manta span various sectors, including finance, gaming, and social networking, all aiming to improve user experiences and provide meaningful value to real users. Moreover, the Manta ecosystem's grant program is dedicated to exploring and nurturing innovative use cases that tackle common user challenges in their daily activities. In addition, Manta Network's zkSBTs allow users to verify information in a decentralized manner while ensuring their privacy is protected. Noteworthy zkSBTs, such as the zkBAB and zkGalxe passports, streamline on-chain Know Your Customer (KYC) processes by removing the need for users to upload sensitive documents or share personal details, highlighting a significant leap in privacy and security. By emphasizing solutions centered around the user, Manta is not only enhancing the digital experience but also setting the stage for a more secure and efficient online ecosystem moving forward. This commitment to innovation positions Manta as a leader in the evolving landscape of digital trust and security.

Scroll is specifically designed for Ethereum developers, acting as a swift, reliable, and scalable Layer 2 blockchain that enhances Ethereum's capabilities while enabling applications to grow effortlessly. It allows for a smooth transition of Ethereum applications to Scroll with bytecode-level compatibility, significantly reducing expenses in the process. Our focus on open development encourages collaboration among contributors who are driven by shared values, leading to the creation of more secure and well-architected systems. By prioritizing a community-focused approach, Scroll aspires to transform and progress the trajectory of Ethereum. Employing advanced zero-knowledge proof technology alongside established EVM frameworks and comprehensive audits, Scroll ensures that our platform is built on a foundation of security and dependability. Moreover, by emphasizing code security through joint open-source initiatives, Scroll protects both developers and users from potential threats, nurturing a resilient ecosystem for innovation. This commitment to security and community engagement not only strengthens our platform but also bodes well for the future of Ethereum as we strive to adapt and advance in the evolving digital landscape. Our vision is to create an environment where developers and users can thrive together, driving further advancements in blockchain technology.

Merlin Chain aims to transform Layer2 by incorporating native Layer1 assets into its framework. As an EVM-compatible chain, it ensures minimal transaction fees and exceptional scalability, which allows for rapid processing and enhances liquidity in transactions. The platform supports popular Bitcoin protocols such as BRC20, BRC420, Bitmap, Atomicals, Pipe, Stamp, among others, broadening access for a diverse range of users in the Bitcoin Layer2 ecosystem. To maximize efficiency and scalability, Merlin Chain employs ZK-Rollup technology, with sequencer nodes managing data transmission through decentralized Oracles, ensuring both security and transparency. With a commitment to promoting fair launches and community-driven innovations, Merlin Chain is dedicated to crafting unique solutions specifically designed for the Bitcoin network and its users. This initiative not only boosts user involvement but also fortifies the foundational infrastructure of Layer2 solutions, paving the way for future advancements in the blockchain space. Ultimately, Merlin Chain stands as a beacon for innovation and collaboration within the cryptocurrency community.

Mode is an innovative Layer 2 solution on Ethereum that rewards users for helping to grow its network through cutting-edge economic models. This platform is establishing a new on-chain economy that rewards individuals for their efforts in expanding the network. Developers can earn a portion of the sequencer fees generated from their smart contracts, providing them with a direct financial incentive. Furthermore, Mode's unique treasury system will automatically distribute rewards across the ecosystem, ensuring consistent engagement and support. Leveraging the modular OP stack, Mode is integrated into the super chain network, which encompasses both the base and OP mainnet. Users can benefit from a streamlined and intuitive blockchain experience through the Mode name service. In addition, the Mode bridge allows for effortless asset transfers between Layer 1 and the Mode platform, significantly enhancing the network's flexibility and accessibility for users. This comprehensive approach not only promotes growth but also deepens community involvement within the blockchain ecosystem, creating a vibrant and collaborative environment for all participants. Ultimately, Mode aims to redefine how blockchain interactions occur by prioritizing user engagement and economic incentives.

opBNB stands out as an innovative layer-2 solution within the BNB ecosystem, built on the OP stack. Boasting a remarkable block size of 100 million, it ensures persistently low and stable gas fees, making it a prime candidate for widespread adoption in numerous digital sectors. This robust platform adeptly accommodates a diverse range of applications, from gaming and decentralized exchanges to everyday transactions and digital collectibles, all while delivering optimal performance. Take, for example, the gaming experience: players expect immediate feedback; when they complete a battle and await the reward of an in-game item, any delays of several seconds or even minutes can severely detract from their enjoyment, leading to frustration and a diminished gaming experience. Ultimately, opBNB not only solves such issues but also elevates user satisfaction by offering the rapid interactions that contemporary digital landscapes demand. Furthermore, its design prioritizes efficiency and responsiveness, ensuring that developers can create seamless experiences for users across various platforms.

Dogechain significantly enhances the $Dogecoin experience, allowing its community to actively participate in a variety of crypto applications, including NFTs, gaming, and decentralized finance (DeFi). Historically, users of $Dogecoin have encountered limitations when trying to access these applications and other decentralized apps (dApps), but Dogechain effectively addresses this issue. This advancement empowers Dogecoin supporters to move beyond simply holding their tokens in hopes of value increase. In addition, those involved in the Dogechain ecosystem can use $Dogecoin for gas fees, which adds a practical element for individuals who prefer not to merely hold onto their assets. The blockchain employs a Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, ensuring low transaction costs and swift processing times. It is crucial for Dogecoin holders to remain competitive in the rapidly evolving cryptocurrency landscape. By incorporating Doge into sectors like DeFi, NFTs, and gaming, Dogechain unlocks extraordinary potential. Moreover, users can easily acquire Dogechain tokens from multiple reputable centralized and decentralized exchanges, promoting accessibility for everyone. Consequently, this dynamic ecosystem encourages increased participation and innovation within the Dogecoin community, fostering a vibrant environment for growth and collaboration.

Unichain operates as a Layer 2 solution focused on decentralized finance (DeFi) within the Ethereum ecosystem, designed to serve as a pivotal center for cross-chain liquidity. This innovative platform improves both transaction speed and cost-effectiveness, featuring remarkable block times of only one second and aiming to reduce transaction fees to one-twentieth of conventional Ethereum rates. Leveraging the OP Stack framework, Unichain prioritizes scalability while promoting open-source development, with aspirations for future implementations like Provable Block Building. It caters specifically to the requirements of developers and users in the DeFi space, providing extensive resources for the creation of liquidity pools and the deployment of smart contracts. With a rich background in building the largest decentralized trading protocol in the world, Unichain guarantees that its technological advancements remain open-source, encouraging other rollups to adopt these innovations effortlessly. Furthermore, a dedicated network of full nodes diligently monitors and verifies the sequencer's operations, contributing to enhanced transaction speeds and decentralization within the Unichain network. By fostering transparency and active community participation, Unichain is strategically positioned to lead the charge in the rapidly changing world of decentralized finance, continuously adapting to the evolving demands of this dynamic sector.

Rootstock emerges as a pioneering Bitcoin sidechain that merges the robust smart contract capabilities of Ethereum with Bitcoin’s unmatched security features. As an open-source platform, it leverages Bitcoin's proof-of-work consensus mechanism and utilizes more than 60% of Bitcoin's hashing power through merged mining, which greatly enhances its reliability. This collaboration enables developers to build EVM-compatible smart contracts, thereby fostering the development of decentralized applications that capitalize on the robust security of Bitcoin's network. The platform's native currency, RBTC, is pegged to Bitcoin at a 1:1 ratio, which streamlines interactions with decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols and dApps, enabling seamless processes like minting, swapping, and gas fee payments. Furthermore, the PowPeg protocol is essential for ensuring secure and efficient two-way transactions between Bitcoin and Rootstock, which significantly boosts the interoperability of both networks. Rootstock's growing ecosystem provides users with diverse applications, allowing them to swap, stake, and optimize yields using platforms like Sushi and Beefy, as well as trade on Oku, showcasing the platform's versatility and broad appeal. Consequently, Rootstock not only creates an environment rich in opportunities for developers but also empowers users to fully explore and leverage the advantages of blockchain technology in their daily activities. With such a comprehensive framework, Rootstock stands poised to play a vital role in the future of decentralized finance and blockchain innovation.

Ethereum's new scalability framework guarantees swift transactions and effective smart contract execution. Optimism functions as a Public Benefit Corporation (PBC), which is designed to generate profits while also delivering societal benefits through responsible and sustainable methodologies. This organizational model requires us to balance our shareholders' financial interests with the well-being of those affected by our decisions, adhering to a defined "public benefit charter." The primary goal of the Company is to enhance and protect fair access to public goods on the internet by developing open-source software. This charter reflects our dedication to the Ethereum community, as we work to uphold its core values by building infrastructure that supports the growth and sustainability of a public goods ecosystem. By doing so, we not only seek to advance technological progress but also to promote an inclusive atmosphere where all users can thrive. Ultimately, our efforts aim to bridge the gap between innovation and accessibility, ensuring that the benefits of technology are shared widely.

zkSync emerges as the leading user-centric ZK rollup solution within the Ethereum landscape. This cutting-edge scaling technique is unparalleled in its ability to securely handle unlimited volume on Layer 2, distinguishing it from alternative approaches. Unlike optimistic rollups, zkSync enables swift and cost-effective asset transfers between the ZK rollup and Layer 1. It's worth noting that zkSync offers the most affordable transaction fees among all existing and upcoming rollups. Moreover, it includes functionalities such as meta-transactions, instant confirmations with economic finality, and economical privacy solutions. The philosophy driving zkSync's design prioritizes both simplicity and a pleasurable development experience. Developers can seamlessly incorporate payment systems and atomic swaps with minimal coding effort. Additionally, zkSync supports the development of type-safe, functional smart contracts using Zinc, a Rust-based framework, while also allowing the deployment of existing EVM codebases with slight modifications. This impressive array of features positions zkSync as a compelling option for developers who are eager to achieve both efficiency and innovation in their blockchain projects, ultimately fostering a more accessible environment for blockchain advancement.

Stacks enhances Bitcoin by transforming it into a programming platform, enabling the development of decentralized applications and smart contracts that capitalize on Bitcoin's unique strengths. Developers leveraging Stacks can build innovative applications, digital assets, and smart contracts that are tightly integrated with Bitcoin’s solid security and vast network. Additionally, users have the option to temporarily lock their STX tokens to enhance the network's security and consensus, earning Bitcoin rewards from miners via the Proof of Transfer mechanism. The Stacks ecosystem facilitates the deployment of Bitcoin’s substantial $760 billion capital in cutting-edge smart contracts, fostering a more inclusive financial system that is open, composable, and devoid of intermediaries. Using Clarity smart contracts, developers are able to implement their application’s logic directly on the blockchain; this programming language is specifically crafted to enhance security and predictability, thereby minimizing the potential for bugs and vulnerabilities. This feature is especially important for critical code, where any mistake could lead to significant issues, allowing developers to trust in the reliability of their systems. Consequently, Stacks not only improves Bitcoin's capabilities but also empowers developers to usher in a new age of decentralized finance, ultimately reshaping the way financial transactions are conducted globally. This evolution could lead to a more equitable financial ecosystem accessible to all.

RSK distinguishes itself as the leading smart contract blockchain platform, leveraging the solid security infrastructure of the Bitcoin Network. It is increasingly viewed as a vital player in the realm of decentralized finance (DeFi), enabling Bitcoin holders to engage in activities such as lending, borrowing, trading, and earning interest on their assets. The shift towards decentralized financial systems is evident, with RSK at the forefront as the premier global smart contract platform. The main aim of RSK's Contracts is to bolster the Bitcoin Contracts ecosystem by streamlining smart contract execution, facilitating near-instant payments, and enhancing scalability. Through Merged Mining and a two-way peg, RSK Blockchain forges a robust link to Bitcoin, thereby boosting its security and operational capabilities. Additionally, RIF, which is built on RSK, seeks to establish the essential components for a fully decentralized internet, enabling Decentralized Sharing Economies that empower users with improved identity management, innovative payment solutions, versatile storage options, enhanced communication methods, gateway services, and comprehensive marketplace features. This forward-thinking framework not only safeguards individual assets but also contributes to a more just and inclusive digital economy, paving the way for broader access to financial services. Ultimately, RSK's vision aligns with the future of finance, emphasizing the importance of security, efficiency, and user empowerment in an increasingly digital world.

The Lightning Network for Bitcoin facilitates instantaneous payments, offering quick blockchain transactions that circumvent the typical wait associated with block confirmations. It boosts security through smart contracts on the blockchain, negating the requirement for distinct on-chain transactions for every payment. Users can enjoy transaction times that vary from milliseconds to just seconds. This innovative network features impressive scalability, able to manage millions or even billions of transactions every second, significantly eclipsing the capacity of conventional payment systems. Moreover, it allows payments to be tied to specific actions or clicks without relying on intermediaries. Another advantage is its cost-effectiveness, as off-chain transaction settlements lead to significantly reduced fees, enabling groundbreaking applications such as real-time micropayments. The Lightning Network also facilitates cross-chain atomic swaps that can be executed instantly and off-chain, given that the involved blockchains share the same cryptographic hash function. This capability for interoperability among various blockchain systems introduces exciting opportunities for smoother financial exchanges. With its dynamic features, the Lightning Network is set to revolutionize the way transactions are conducted in the digital realm.

Presenting a groundbreaking layer 2 solution for NFTs on Ethereum, this platform eliminates gas fees, guarantees instantaneous transactions, and enhances scalability for games, applications, and marketplaces while maintaining top-notch quality. The future of digital asset trading has arrived, ensuring that NFTs are traded within a transparent and decentralized environment backed by Ethereum's robust infrastructure. Users can enjoy gas-free peer-to-peer exchanges where they can define their own transaction fees, thereby removing custodial risks as they retain full control of their private keys. Notably, the platform excels in scalability, boasting the capability to manage over 9,000 transactions per second, and it stands out as a true layer 2 solution that leverages the security of layer 1. It accommodates both ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokens, making it compatible with a diverse array of digital assets. With Immutable X Mint, users can quickly generate and distribute assets at an unprecedented scale, allowing for the creation of ERC-721 and ERC-20 tokens without incurring any gas costs. Assets are instantly ready for trading, with security measures that are equivalent to Ethereum's mainnet. Additionally, we provide onboarding support, technical consultations for crucial integrations, and expert guidance on industry best practices to empower your team’s success. In this fast-paced digital environment, our mission is to equip you with the necessary tools and support for efficient NFT transactions, ensuring that you remain at the forefront of innovation. By leveraging this cutting-edge technology, your projects can thrive in an ever-evolving marketplace.