List of the Top Free eLearning Authoring Tools in 2025 - Page 2

Reviews and comparisons of the top free eLearning Authoring Tools


Here’s a list of the best Free eLearning Authoring Tools. Use the tool below to explore and compare the leading Free eLearning Authoring Tools. Filter the results based on user ratings, pricing, features, platform, region, support, and other criteria to find the best option for you.
  • 1
    Arist Reviews & Ratings

    Arist

    Arist

    Effortlessly create impactful courses in minutes via text.
    Create remote-friendly courses in mere minutes with ease. Leveraging groundbreaking research, text messaging-based courses have shown to be both swift and highly impactful, receiving positive feedback from learners. Utilize a platform trusted by Fortune 500 firms and renowned universities to develop your own courses effortlessly. Generally, these text message courses can range from 5 to 30 days, with each typical course day only requiring about 5 minutes for completion. Supported by research from institutions like Stanford and the University of Pennsylvania, text message courses stand out as more accessible, efficient, and simpler to create compared to traditional video, web, or app-based methods. They have emerged as a straightforward and engaging educational resource, particularly favored by Gen Z and millennials. Transform your course development process by saving time and resources, allowing for course creation in minutes rather than weeks. The steps to author, publish, and edit content are as uncomplicated as sending a text message. With compatibility across SMS, Messenger, and WhatsApp, these courses offer the flexibility to teach at any time and from any location, eliminating the need for a conventional learning management system. This modern educational approach not only empowers educators to effectively engage with students but also enhances the overall learning experience, making it more dynamic and interactive. As a result, both instructors and learners can benefit from a more streamlined educational process.
  • 2
    Simpliv Learning Reviews & Ratings

    Simpliv Learning

    Simpliv

    Empowering learners with accessible, affordable education for everyone.
    Simpliv serves as a transformative online education platform that empowers individuals through accessible training programs. Established with the mission to provide affordable educational opportunities, Simpliv bridges gaps among diverse communities while equipping learners with essential life skills. The platform champions the idea that learning knows no bounds, catering to those eager to acquire knowledge across various fields, including management, technology, and beyond. By doing so, it fosters a culture of continuous growth and development for all.
  • 3
    Flipped Reviews & Ratings

    Flipped

    Crucial Human

    Transform your teaching with engaging, free video lessons!
    Revolutionize your online teaching journey with captivating video lessons that are completely FREE for all K-12 educators! Flipped allows you to design engaging recorded lessons that are perfect for both virtual and in-person classroom settings. You can effortlessly integrate videos, slides, and images while providing live annotations on your lesson, and include poll questions to measure student comprehension! With Flipped, you have the ability to create customized content by merging your webcam video and audio with slides and images, and you can utilize the built-in whiteboard to mark up your materials. There’s no need for any software downloads or additional plugins! After you finish your recording, adding a description and adjusting access settings is a breeze. Moreover, you can strategically place poll questions throughout your Flip, encouraging viewers to engage as they reach specific milestones. Once your content is live, sharing the Viewer URL is simple, whether you distribute it via email or post it on your favorite Learning Management System. Additionally, you have the capability to monitor student engagement by tracking who has viewed your Flip and for how long, while also evaluating their understanding through their poll responses. This all-inclusive tool guarantees that every educator can elevate their teaching strategies and foster a strong connection with their students, ultimately enriching the educational experience for all involved. Embrace the future of teaching and inspire your students like never before!
  • 4
    AtOne Reviews & Ratings

    AtOne

    Flynn Group

    Streamline personnel management with seamless compliance and efficiency.
    Introducing AtOne®, your all-in-one solution for managing personnel and ensuring compliance, crafted to merge all your critical requirements into a single, intuitive platform. This integrated management software equips organizations to meet their obligations to employees, contractors, and regulatory standards within one unified application. With AtOne®, you can explore a diverse array of features, such as compliance monitoring, communication tools, and contractor management, all accessible through its 15 interconnected modules that significantly boost efficiency in overseeing, tracking, and engaging your workforce. The innovative 'Employee Impact Zone' feature allows managers to swiftly assess the contributions of each team member, offering crucial insights for decision-making. Additionally, AtOne® seamlessly connects with Microsoft Azure Active Directory and Outlook Calendar, providing a secure single sign-on option that removes the inconvenience of managing multiple passwords. Our dedicated team at AtOne People & Compliance Software is focused on providing an outstanding and seamless user experience, ensuring that every facet of your personnel management requirements is effortlessly addressed. By utilizing AtOne®, you not only streamline your operational processes but also free up resources to concentrate on achieving your primary business goals, ultimately fostering a more productive work environment.
  • 5
    Eduflow Reviews & Ratings

    Eduflow

    Eduflow

    Transform learning experiences with a seamless, adaptable platform.
    Eduflow provides a flexible and all-encompassing platform suited for various learning environments. Its intuitive interface allows users to begin quickly, with the sign-up and course setup process taking a mere two minutes—yes, we actually clocked it! The platform supports an array of content formats, including formatted text, images, videos, and file uploads, which means there's no need for separate authoring tools. With strong peer review features, learners can give anonymous feedback to each other, simplifying the feedback mechanism. Our offerings reach organizations and educational institutions around the globe, benefiting thousands of users. Eduflow is built with WCAG standards in mind, ensuring easy navigation for those using keyboards and screen readers. No matter the device, Eduflow runs smoothly in your web browser. Founded by educators, we are committed to fostering equitable education for all individuals. Moreover, Eduflow can function on its own or be integrated seamlessly with your current tools, further enhancing the learning experience. This adaptability guarantees that every user can tailor their educational paths to meet their unique requirements effectively, ensuring a personalized learning journey.
  • 6
    HowToo Reviews & Ratings

    HowToo

    HowToo

    Empower your team with effortless, engaging learning experiences.
    Harness the power of your organization’s collective knowledge. In just a few minutes, you can turn an empty canvas into an engaging learning environment. Transform your company's expertise into a premier educational journey. With our extensive collection of templates and multimedia resources, creating captivating learning experiences is a breeze. Simply copy your content into our vast selection of templates, and with a click, you can incorporate assessments and quizzes, allowing you to launch your learning hub in no time. Our platform stands out not only for its user-friendliness but also for its compliance with WCAG AA 2.1 standards. We have developed a solution that empowers you to craft exceptional learning experiences for success, supported by data, research, and analytics, ensuring you remain ahead in the educational landscape. By leveraging these tools, you can significantly elevate the learning opportunities available to your team.
  • 7
    OpeneLMS.AI Reviews & Ratings

    OpeneLMS.AI

    Open eLMS Ltd.

    Create engaging eLearning courses effortlessly with AI innovation!
    OpeneLMS.AI is an innovative, cost-free eLearning platform that generates high-quality learning courses with the simplicity of a single line of text, all thanks to the capabilities of Artificial Intelligence in its design. After crafting your eLearning content, you can effortlessly preview and modify your course online through an intuitive drag-and-drop interface. Furthermore, the course can be exported as a SCORM package, allowing seamless integration into your company's existing systems. OpeneLMS.AI comes in Lite, Standard, and Enterprise versions, and offers a complimentary 7-day trial during which users can create and retain up to 20 unique eLearning courses. This trial provides an excellent opportunity for organizations to explore how this platform can enhance their training programs.
  • 8
    My Learning Hub Reviews & Ratings

    My Learning Hub

    My Learning Hub

    Empower your team with tailored, impactful learning solutions.
    Deliver impactful educational solutions that foster scalable business results in light of the swiftly evolving commercial environment. You can provide personalized learning content exactly when it is required for specific audiences, all in a branded and customized manner. Expand your outreach to include not just internal teams, but also your customers and partners as well. Rather than increasing stress levels, embrace innovation in your strategy. Leverage our integrations with platforms like MS Teams and Slack to ensure smooth functionality. Effectively search, suggest, remind, and reward your users. Our products are built for connectivity, catering to both standard and customized integrations. We take pride in our expertise in overcoming any integration challenges that arise. By linking learning initiatives directly to specific job roles and aligning them with your key performance indicators, you can accurately assess your return on investment. Show senior leadership the profound impact that e-learning initiatives can have on the overall success of the organization. My Learning Hub collaborates with some of the most prominent learning organizations worldwide, assisting you in crafting an engaging atmosphere for effective educational experiences. By harnessing these resources, you can turn your workplace into a vibrant center for enjoyable learning opportunities, promoting continuous development and collaboration among all stakeholders.
  • 9
    Learnster Reviews & Ratings

    Learnster

    Learnster

    Revolutionize learning, empower growth, and streamline knowledge sharing.
    Learnster is at the forefront of developing a state-of-the-art Learning Management System (LMS) designed specifically for growing organizations. Its cutting-edge technology streamlines knowledge sharing across the organization, effectively saving valuable time through the implementation of Learnster's smart Automation Rules. The revolutionary Knowledge Gap AI precisely pinpoints the unique learning requirements of individuals, offering tailored training solutions for a diverse array of roles such as general managers, frontline workers, and operations specialists. By boosting knowledge retention, encouraging just-in-time learning, and enhancing daily operational processes, Learnster equips site managers, project managers, and production employees to tackle common obstacles. With a strong emphasis on creating an atmosphere where learning is a daily endeavor, Learnster is focused on redefining the way knowledge is shared within organizations. This commitment extends beyond mere training; it aims to foster a culture of continuous improvement and adaptability. Ultimately, Learnster envisions a future in which learning is an intrinsic part of life, making it accessible and beneficial for everyone involved.
  • 10
    We Are Learning Reviews & Ratings

    We Are Learning

    We Are Learning

    Empower your creativity with engaging, immersive learning experiences!
    Our platform offers a user-friendly experience that enhances engagement and is enjoyable for content creators. Within a matter of minutes, you can craft high-quality immersive learning experiences. The ability to create exceptional interactive narratives is now significantly more attainable for everyone. With We Are Learning, you don't need to have any background in game design, programming, or 3D modeling; it empowers anyone to produce captivating educational content with remarkable outcomes. Instead of enduring lengthy development cycles that can stretch for months, you can quickly create gamified learning simulations. Your AI assistant will support you by writing dialogue scripts, generating voices for avatars, and providing immediate translations in any language. We Are Learning is also cost-effective, following a SaaS model that can be tailored to your unique needs. Whether your goal is to develop immersive soft skills training, create interactive stories, or design 3D animations, our platform integrates smoothly with your current LMS without putting a strain on your finances. We cater to both independent creators and large enterprises, offering customized plans that satisfy individual requirements, allowing everyone to harness the benefits of immersive content creation. With our platform, the only limit is your imagination, and the potential for innovative learning experiences is truly limitless, paving the way for new educational frontiers.
  • 11
    Panomio Reviews & Ratings

    Panomio

    Panomio

    Transform training with immersive, accessible, and engaging e-learning solutions.
    Panomio offers a groundbreaking e-learning platform that is available for use anytime and anywhere. It enables users to develop engaging training sessions without requiring knowledge of Unity or programming skills. This solution is particularly suited for digital on-site training, safety procedures, workplace introductions, and onboarding new employees. Users can lead their teams through comprehensive, step-by-step guidance in a simulated work setting, which promotes safe learning of essential processes and recommended practices. Knowledge retention can be evaluated through quizzes, or participants can be tasked with recognizing specific tools within the virtual environment. This method aids staff in familiarizing themselves with their workplace, learning to find and use vital equipment, and practicing safety protocols, all from their personal devices. Experience an innovative educational approach that functions smoothly in your browser, with the ability to significantly improve training initiatives in your organization. Transform conventional manuals into interactive courses effortlessly, and enrich the virtual training landscape with engaging components to create compelling learning experiences. By capturing photographs of your actual workplace, you can construct an authentic virtual training environment that mirrors the real scenarios employees will face, deepening their understanding and preparation for on-the-job challenges. This comprehensive tool not only streamlines training but also empowers teams to excel in their roles.
  • 12
    Mindsmith Reviews & Ratings

    Mindsmith

    Mindsmith

    Transform your eLearning experience with AI-driven efficiency today!
    Mindsmith stands out as a cutting-edge eLearning authoring tool that harnesses generative AI to enhance the efficiency and speed of developing and disseminating educational materials. Users can express their ideas throughout the lesson creation process, using their existing documents as a basis for the AI to craft personalized content. With the support of our AI assistant, lessons can be further polished, and collaboration is made seamless through shared commenting links, the ability to customize themes that reflect your brand identity, and adherence to WCAG AA accessibility standards upon export. Notably, any modifications made to a lesson within Mindsmith are instantly synced with your Learning Management System (LMS), ensuring SCORM compatibility. Furthermore, the platform facilitates the simultaneous hosting of multiple language versions in your LMS, catering to diverse learner needs. Mindsmith also offers a wide array of assessment types, including short answer, multiple choice, and multiple selection, as well as the capability to apply conditional logic for detailed feedback. An added benefit is the innovative feature that allows AI to assess and grade students' short answer submissions, thereby streamlining the evaluation process. In summary, this blend of advanced features and innovative design positions Mindsmith as an essential resource for educators and organizations dedicated to crafting transformative learning experiences that resonate with learners.
  • 13
    Udemy Business Reviews & Ratings

    Udemy Business

    Udemy

    Empower your organization with tailored, continuous learning solutions.
    The era of education powered by artificial intelligence has begun, prompting you to embark on your journey now to cultivate skills and realize significant outcomes. Improve business effectiveness with a thorough learning strategy that nurtures a culture of ongoing education throughout your organization. Make sure your employees are supported at every step of their career paths, demonstrating a dedication to their advancement and professional development. Utilize educational initiatives to navigate transitions smoothly and uphold business continuity. Provide your teams with training in the most crucial skills currently in demand. Enhance employee satisfaction and productivity by integrating wellness programs into your educational framework. Ensure that the expertise of your technology professionals remains relevant and competitive in a rapidly changing marketplace. Tackle skill gaps to encourage creativity and propel organizational progress. Equip your employees for certification exams while facilitating digital transformation initiatives. Provide them with the tools they need to lead, motivate, and effectively connect with teams in hybrid work settings. Build competencies that foster a culture of trust and inclusivity within the workplace. Promote collaboration among leadership teams to strengthen alignment and coherence across the organization. Optimize learning expenditures by consolidating vendors to enhance efficiency and reduce costs. Finally, adopt a learning solution tailored to the specific needs of your organization and its workforce. This customized strategy will ensure that your investment in educational initiatives yields lasting benefits and sustainable growth for your company. By prioritizing these elements, you will create an environment where both employees and the organization can thrive together.
  • 14
    LIVRESQ Reviews & Ratings

    LIVRESQ

    LIVRESQ

    Empower your teaching with seamless, innovative content creation.
    Over 120,300 creators connected with more than 6,940 institutions and companies are leveraging our e-learning authoring platform to produce educational content. LIVRESQ harnesses the power of cutting-edge OpenAI GPT-4o artificial intelligence, enabling educators and trainers to develop unique, high-quality materials for their online courses and interactive lessons. Accessing the platform is straightforward; simply log in via your favorite web browser without the need to download any software. You can initiate your project by choosing from an array of beautiful templates, popular samples, or by starting from scratch. Once your project reaches completion, it can be effortlessly downloaded and uploaded to various platforms such as LMS, SMS, or websites, or alternatively published in the LIVRESQ library for either private or public access. All materials generated within LIVRESQ are designed to be compatible across any computer, tablet, or smartphone, ensuring that once created, they can be accessed on all devices, regardless of the operating system or web browser in use. Users also have the opportunity to utilize a vast repository of editable content, including projects, sections, resources, and effects that have already been crafted by the LIVRESQ team, further expanding their creative options. This perfect blend of advanced technology and user-friendly design positions LIVRESQ as an essential tool for educators who aim to elevate their teaching methodologies. The platform not only streamlines the content creation process but also fosters collaboration among educators, enhancing the overall learning experience for students.
  • 15
    Easygenerator Reviews & Ratings

    Easygenerator

    Easygenerator

    Empower your training with intuitive, code-free course creation.
    Easygenerator is a cloud-based platform designed for eLearning that empowers users to develop, publish, and monitor educational courses for training purposes. Utilizing state-of-the-art technology, Easygenerator boasts an intuitive user interface, enabling the creation of interactive courses in the cloud without the need for any coding or installation processes. This platform allows users to concentrate on crafting quality content, ensuring that learners can attain optimal educational outcomes by defining objectives and evaluating their advancements. Key functionalities encompass course review and publication, uploading of audio and video materials, tracking progress and performance, the ability to embed documents, and a host of additional features. With its comprehensive capabilities, Easygenerator stands out as a valuable tool for educators and trainers alike.
  • 16
    ProProfs LMS Reviews & Ratings

    ProProfs LMS

    ProProfs

    Empower your training with customizable, user-friendly learning solutions.
    ProProfs LMS is a versatile, cloud-based learning management system that serves as a comprehensive solution for your online training requirements. This platform enables users to swiftly create and distribute online courses to learners while providing real-time tracking of their progress. With a rich library offering over 100 pre-made courses and templates, instructors can easily customize materials to fit unique educational objectives. The built-in virtual classroom feature allows for the streamlined management of learners and the assignment of coursework. Additionally, the LMS supports multiple languages and adheres to SCORM and Tin Can standards, enhancing the learning experience with self-paced options. A user-friendly quiz tool simplifies the assessment process by accommodating various types of questions. Furthermore, users have access to more than 100 customizable settings, enabling them to establish their branding and privacy preferences for courses. The ProProfs Store also facilitates secure transactions through various payment gateways, making it convenient for course creators to sell and monetize their offerings effectively. Overall, ProProfs LMS not only enhances the learning experience but also empowers educators with the tools needed to succeed in the digital training landscape.
  • 17
    iSpring Free Reviews & Ratings

    iSpring Free

    iSpring Solutions

    Transform PowerPoint into engaging online courses effortlessly!
    iSpring Free is an entirely free application intended for creating online courses that utilize PowerPoint presentations. With this software, users can seamlessly convert their current presentations into online courses by exporting them in HTML5 or SCORM formats, making them suitable for upload to numerous Learning Management Systems (LMS). It guarantees that all the original transitions, animations, and interactive elements from PowerPoint are retained, ensuring compatibility across a diverse array of devices. Moreover, iSpring Free allows users to create quizzes that include three different question formats: multiple-choice, multiple response, and short answer. Users have the flexibility to personalize feedback, restrict the number of attempts, and set time limits for quiz completion. To further enhance their course content, creators can add YouTube videos and web objects, which serve as supplementary materials that enrich the educational experience. This comprehensive set of functionalities positions iSpring Free as an excellent choice for educators and trainers aiming to develop captivating online educational content while also facilitating a more dynamic learning environment.
  • 18
    Classtra Reviews & Ratings

    Classtra

    Classtra

    Transform your education management with seamless, engaging tools!
    Increase your registration rates by creating a mobile-friendly process that prioritizes user convenience. Upgrade your management dashboard to include additional team members with customizable permission levels for better control. Showcase your schedule using an engaging and visually appealing calendar format. Take advantage of advanced meeting and collaboration features in your online classes. Classtra offers capabilities like multi-user screencasting, enhanced security protocols, session recordings, and live streaming to platforms such as YouTube, along with a wide array of other functionalities. Payment options are designed specifically to elevate the learning journey, allowing for direct payment acceptance and the creation of subscription plans. You can also offer sibling discounts, scholarship opportunities, promotional codes, and various other incentives. Connect with your audience through lively email campaigns and SMS notifications directed at all students or specific groups based on class enrollments or tags. Users will find it simple to log in, enroll in classes, check their schedules, and complete payments seamlessly on your site. Our integrations are designed for ease of use and are compatible with various website builders, including custom sites, ensuring that all users enjoy a smooth experience. By leveraging these innovative tools, you will not only improve user engagement but also optimize operational efficiency, leading to a more successful educational environment.
  • 19
    7taps Reviews & Ratings

    7taps

    7taps

    Effortless course creation and engagement, learning made simple.
    By distributing a course via secure links, SMS, QR codes, or email, learners can effortlessly access it with a single click—eliminating the need for app installations, downloads, or sign-ins. The platform comes equipped with all the vital tools necessary for crafting engaging and interactive courses. You can organize your ideas within a sturdy course framework, enhancing them with vibrant components such as GIFs, audio snippets, and quizzes. Whether you choose to create a course from scratch or leverage a copyright-free template, sharing it is straightforward, whether through links or direct email invitations. A remarkable aspect of 7taps is that learners can dive right into the content on their smartphones or desktops without any sign-in barriers—the learning experience begins immediately upon opening the link. After sharing the course, you can also create detailed reports that provide valuable insights into learner performance. We have carefully selected the most relevant yet straightforward metrics, allowing you to evaluate the effectiveness of the training with ease. This efficient process guarantees that both the creation of courses and learner engagement are free of complications, fostering a smooth and enriching educational journey. Moreover, this user-friendly approach encourages greater participation and satisfaction among learners, ultimately enhancing their overall learning experience.
  • 20
    KREDO Reviews & Ratings

    KREDO

    Tesseract Learning

    Revolutionizing learning through concise, engaging microeducation solutions.
    KREDO represents a revolutionary approach to learning by offering educational courses in concise, easily digestible segments tailored to meet the immediate needs of learners. This innovative platform emphasizes business-critical aspects while reflecting the original focus on the Micromodules concept established two years ago. To enhance the learning experience, KREDO has developed a structured journey that incorporates microlearning, which facilitates authors in breaking down educational materials into manageable, targeted pieces that effectively engage users. While the initial aim centered on simplifying content delivery, KREDO has since expanded to introduce features that bolster information retention and reinforce understanding. As a result, KREDO not only enhances learning outcomes but also provides solutions to a myriad of inquiries and delivers prompt responses to users' questions. Furthermore, discussions around access rights and permissions were pivotal during KREDO's launch, as addressing these issues was crucial for organizations seeking to implement the platform effectively. In essence, KREDO's commitment to evolving educational methodologies positions it as a valuable tool in the realm of modern learning.
  • 21
    Bites Reviews & Ratings

    Bites

    Bites

    Transform training with engaging microlearning and video playlists.
    Leveraging brief visual content from videos makes it easier to communicate your training story to all staff members. You can quickly record short videos using your smartphone or convert existing content into video formats. By skillfully blending clips and images and rearranging scenes, you craft a narrative that is clear and easy to follow, removing the necessity for traditional onboarding methods. Microlearning, which emphasizes one or two essential pieces of information, has shown to be the most effective strategy for training employees who have limited time. Creating playlists allows you to break down complex or extensive concepts into bite-sized, easily digestible parts. Studies have shown that this technique greatly improves both knowledge retention and acquisition. Essentially, a playlist acts as a curated selection of short lessons, which lets you organize content on various subjects like onboarding, compliance, or sales training, thus addressing a range of learning styles and preferences. This approach not only makes the material more engaging but also ensures that employees can interact with content that is both pertinent and easy to access, leading to a more productive learning atmosphere. As a result, the combination of innovative video formats and microlearning strategies can significantly enhance employee training outcomes.
  • 22
    SCORMR Reviews & Ratings

    SCORMR

    SCORMR

    Transform presentations into engaging eLearning experiences effortlessly!
    Convert your storyboards and PowerPoint presentations (PPT/PPTX) into SCORM-compliant packages and HTML5 formats seamlessly. You can add quizzes and access a player for your training materials if you wish. Creators are encouraged to integrate animations, videos, audio, and various interactive components. This innovative platform enables anyone to design eLearning resources that are compatible with any Learning Management System (LMS). Currently, it's available for free in its beta stage. Move away from conventional authoring tools and enhance your resources; save both time and money for your organization by using SCORMR! Discover an unprecedented level of efficiency in eLearning creation today, and take advantage of this opportunity to elevate your training programs.
  • 23
    CogniSpark Reviews & Ratings

    CogniSpark

    CogniSpark

    Transform documents into dynamic learning experiences with AI.
    Innovative AI solutions designed to transform your documents into engaging learning resources, which encompass courses and videos, all presented by an AI spokesperson for enhanced interaction. This technology not only simplifies content creation but also enriches the learning experience for audiences.
  • 24
    Training-Online.eu Reviews & Ratings

    Training-Online.eu

    Training-Online.eu

    Empowering personalized learning journeys with ultimate flexibility and accessibility.
    Training-Online.eu is a versatile cloud-based e-Learning platform that caters to every step of an employee's development journey. Its intuitive design allows users to access it from a variety of devices, supports 16 different languages, and presents a more attractive alternative to traditional Learning Management Systems. In contrast to many standard LMSs that enforce a single deadline for all course participants, often a requirement in educational environments, this rigidity can pose significant challenges when individual circumstances of users change. For example, if a learner wants to rejoin a course with a fixed completion date, adjusting the deadline would require modifying the timelines for all participants, which could result in confusion and inconvenience. This situation underscores the urgent need for a more adaptable system that meets the specific requirements of each user while maintaining the integrity of the overall course framework. Embracing such flexibility would not only enhance user experience but also improve course completion rates and learner satisfaction.