Top COTI Alternatives

Our network provides outstanding features that enable users to engage in digital payment transactions quickly, safely, and securely. By leveraging our vergePay applications, which are enhanced by blockchain technology, we streamline the digital payment process. We take great pride in our completely open-source approach, with our project driven entirely by a dedicated team of community volunteers committed to fostering positive change. Verge empowers everyday users with the robust security of blockchain payments through intuitive software designed for practical use. This platform promotes rapid and efficient transactions for individuals utilizing a blockchain network. With minimal fees, swift processing times, a high circulation volume, and compatibility across various platforms, Verge is perfectly positioned for widespread acceptance. Our overarching mission is to enable individuals around the world by embedding blockchain transactions into their daily routines, thereby making financial activities more accessible and user-friendly. Ultimately, we aspire to create a future where everyone can enjoy the advantages of blockchain technology without facing any obstacles, ensuring that financial empowerment is within everyone's reach. Our vision is a global community that embraces innovation and seamlessly integrates these advancements into their everyday lives.

Stellar enables creators to unleash both human and economic potential. By merging a robust, decentralized blockchain with a worldwide network of innovators, it fosters opportunities that transcend geographical boundaries, much like innovative ideas themselves. The platform provides essential tools designed to effect real-world change through the introduction of novel digital asset products and services, significantly improving access to the global financial landscape. Furthermore, Stellar's mission is to bridge gaps in financial inclusion, ensuring that everyone has the chance to thrive in an interconnected economy.

Introducing the xx network, a groundbreaking blockchain framework that prioritizes both quantum resistance and user privacy. It includes the ultra-secure xx messenger platform, which enables individuals to connect with the advancements of blockchain technology via a Layer One protocol that is immune to quantum computing risks. This state-of-the-art messaging application guarantees that all communications between users are thoroughly protected. Each message is encrypted from start to finish, with no metadata being collected, ensuring complete confidentiality. Grounded in the values of the xx network, it also provides a digital currency that focuses on both security and ease of use. With xx messenger, users can expect total privacy without any tracking, profiling, or surveillance. Thanks to its strong end-to-end encryption, it envisions a future where your messages are unreadable to third parties, safeguarding your data from being sold. Additionally, it offers a cost-effective, quantum-ready currency that stands resilient against contemporary threats, positioning itself as a revolutionary choice in the evolving digital arena. This combination of privacy and security sets a new standard for how we communicate and transact online.

With transaction fees that are lower than any credit card, exchange rates that surpass those of traditional currencies, and faster confirmation times than most digital payment methods, Bitcoin Diamond emerges as a prominent contender in the realm of digital currencies. This global currency enables users to purchase items from almost any country and have them conveniently delivered to their doorstep, no matter where they reside. Each transaction incurs a cost of less than a penny, eliminating the hassle of currency conversion. Unlike conventional government-supported currencies, which expose your funds to risks such as theft and inflation, Bitcoin Diamond offers a safer alternative. As a fork of the highly regarded Bitcoin blockchain, it maintains a limited supply to help control inflation, ensuring its value over time. Built on a decentralized blockchain, Bitcoin Diamond guarantees manageable inflation, allowing access from anywhere; transactions are validated by a network of computers across the globe, which bolsters its reliability and security. This innovative currency not only caters to the needs of users but also stands as a beacon of financial stability amidst the unpredictability of today's economy, making it an appealing choice for those looking to secure their financial future. Its robust features and global accessibility highlight the potential of Bitcoin Diamond to revolutionize the way we think about money.

Bitgert is a forward-thinking cryptocurrency engineering company dedicated to reshaping the way people interact with digital assets. Through the introduction of multiple projects, Bitgert has created a comprehensive ecosystem that caters to every aspect of digital asset ownership. The Bitgert Chain is particularly impressive, capable of processing over 100,000 transactions per second, while the centralized Bitgert crypto exchange offers a no-fee trading platform that enhances user experience. With such a wide array of services, Bitgert has emerged as one of the fastest-growing ecosystems in the cryptocurrency industry, providing a variety of solutions that meet the needs of today’s digital asset investors. Importantly, the Bitgert Chain stands out with its low transaction fees, making it an appealing choice for users. Furthermore, this ecosystem is designed to foster the development of your project, supported by a passionate community and skilled development teams, which means that you will have access to the necessary resources for achieving your goals. As Bitgert continues to evolve, it remains committed to innovation and user satisfaction in the digital asset space.

The ecosystem of Bitcoin SV is built on four fundamental pillars that support its infrastructure, with the goal of creating a global blockchain solution. This structure enables businesses to plan for the future and invest significantly in development on a dependable protocol. It increases capacity via a scalable design that permits miners to modify block sizes as needed. Moreover, it fosters efficient change management, guarantees rigorous external security evaluations, and provides an appealing bug bounty initiative. Additionally, it paves the way for traditional retail to explore new opportunities while encouraging creative business models through micropayments and nanoservices. For those new to digital currencies, merchants looking to accept BSV transactions, or companies in search of blockchain solutions, BitcoinSV.com is a crucial resource, offering extensive information and useful links. This all-encompassing support system can effectively assist you in navigating the complexities of understanding and utilizing Bitcoin SV to its fullest potential. By engaging with these resources, users can gain a deeper insight into the benefits and functionalities of the Bitcoin SV ecosystem.

The Cronos PoS Chain functions as a public, open-source, and permissionless blockchain, distinguished by its fully decentralized structure that ensures fast transaction processing and low fees, which collectively foster the broad acceptance of blockchain technology across multiple domains such as payments, decentralized finance, and non-fungible tokens. Moreover, this network is designed to act as a public utility, enabling creative applications that meet the needs of various users and sectors, thereby enhancing its versatility and encouraging further exploration of its capabilities.

You have the option to spend, save, or share it with someone else. Zcash distinguishes itself from other payment systems due to its shielded transactions, which guarantee that your financial information stays private and in your hands. In addition to making payments to friends, family members, and service providers, Zcash is also suitable for shopping at your preferred retail locations or online stores. Importantly, Zcash was the first to implement zk-SNARKs, a groundbreaking form of zero-knowledge cryptography that offers users unmatched privacy in the world of digital currencies. Obtaining Zcash is easy, as it can be found on a wide range of exchanges. While Gemini is known for its user-friendly interface and distinctive privacy features, users in areas without access to Gemini can still discover many reliable exchanges. Ultimately, whether you choose to utilize Zcash for everyday purchases or as a means of building savings, its strong focus on privacy remains a notable benefit. With its user-focused approach and commitment to confidentiality, Zcash is emerging as a promising option in the evolving landscape of digital finance.

Dogecoin functions as an open-source, peer-to-peer digital currency that has captured the hearts of Shiba Inu fans around the world. To engage with Dogecoin, it is necessary to sync with the blockchain, which can be done using different types of wallets. MultiDoge is an example of a "light" wallet, effectively syncing by quickly traversing the blockchain, resulting in fast synchronization times. On the other hand, Dogecoin Core operates as a "full" wallet, requiring users to download the complete blockchain, which provides a more comprehensive Dogecoin experience. This cryptocurrency distinguishes itself in the digital currency realm thanks to its vibrant and welcoming community, made up of amicable individuals who share a common passion. The Shiba Inu, a Japanese breed that gained fame as a viral meme, serves as the fun-loving mascot of Dogecoin, affectionately referred to as "Doge." Users can securely store their Dogecoins directly on their devices through a wallet, providing a reliable storage solution. There are numerous avenues to acquire Dogecoin, including buying, trading, receiving tips, mining, and many other creative methods, making the opportunities virtually limitless! Furthermore, the combination of accessibility and versatility in the Dogecoin ecosystem continues to fuel its rising popularity among cryptocurrency enthusiasts, drawing in new users every day.

Ergo pioneers state-of-the-art cryptographic technologies and progressive decentralized finance (DeFi) functionalities, building upon a solid foundation forged through over a decade of blockchain research and development. By harnessing ten years of advancements in blockchain, Ergo fuses established principles with cutting-edge academic contributions in areas like cryptography, consensus protocols, and digital currencies. We emphasize the core tenets of blockchain while seamlessly incorporating sophisticated cryptographic elements into our architecture. Our team brings a wealth of experience from the fundamental development of various cryptocurrencies and blockchain solutions, including Nxt, Scorex, and Waves, and our agile approach allows us to quickly respond to new features and industry requirements. This dedication to continuous improvement guarantees that we stay at the leading edge of technological progress in the blockchain sector, effectively shaping the future of decentralized finance and security. As we move forward, our commitment to integrating advanced technologies will only strengthen our position in the ever-evolving landscape of digital assets.

Acquiring Dash online is an uncomplicated endeavor, whether you obtain it from friends or through conveniently placed ATMs. This cryptocurrency allows you to pay for everyday items like coffee, book flights, or manage your phone bills effortlessly. Its acceptance is growing rapidly, as countless businesses are adopting it daily. With Dash, users experience cryptocurrency transactions that enhance usability, featuring social components such as usernames, contacts, and customizable options. Since Dash operates under the same transaction protocols as Bitcoin, it can be regarded similarly regarding regulatory and compliance aspects. Support from KYC/AML service providers such as BlockchainIntel and Coinfirm bolsters the security and regulatory adherence of the Dash blockchain. Incorporating Dash into your financial transactions is a smooth process, giving you complete control over your assets. You have the option to convert Dash to your local currency instantly, retain all of it, or choose a combination that aligns with your preferences. The adaptability and ease of use offered by Dash make it an attractive option for both novice and seasoned cryptocurrency enthusiasts. Moreover, as the market for digital currencies continues to expand, Dash's innovative features position it well for future growth and user engagement.

DigiByte goes beyond being just a fast digital currency; it stands as an innovative blockchain platform designed for various applications such as digital assets, smart contracts, decentralized applications, and secure authentication. Its unique architecture comprises three advanced layers that create a strong network infrastructure, enhance security measures, and improve communication, all while maintaining remarkable speeds. The top layer operates much like an app marketplace, offering practical real-world applications. Through the DigiAssets protocol, users can create a wide range of digital assets directly on the DigiByte blockchain, showcasing its versatility. The middle layer plays a crucial role in governance and security, safeguarding Digital Bytes from counterfeiting, duplication, or hacking. Additionally, DigiByte features a tamper-proof public ledger that carefully records every transaction involving DigiBytes, ensuring transparency and trust. With five proof-of-work algorithms, DigiByte fortifies its security, and new DigiBytes can only be introduced via mining, reinforcing its status as a decentralized currency. This comprehensive framework not only establishes DigiByte as a flexible platform but also positions it as a formidable player in the rapidly changing digital currency arena, paving the way for future innovations and applications.

Topl Blockchain distinguishes itself as a secure, transparent, and highly scalable platform that offers a cost-effective alternative, boasting an energy efficiency that surpasses previous blockchain solutions by a staggering 10 million times, making it an exemplary tool for enhancing the value of significant initiatives. This pioneering platform is not only transforming the impact technology sector but also reshaping global business operations. The urgent issues we face today require holistic approaches, and Topl equips corporations, startups, and charitable organizations with the tools to maximize their beneficial impacts. What makes our technology unique? The Topl Blockchain is the first dedicated platform designed for tracking social impact, facilitating tokenization, and enabling seamless transactions. It introduces innovative methods for data capture, improves narrative capabilities, and supports the development of smart assets and digitized ecosystems. By creating new markets and even launching entirely new economies, Topl positions itself as the forefront of monetizing social impact. Actions that further ESG goals, tackle worldwide challenges, and align with the UN’s 17 sustainable development objectives can achieve significant results through this revolutionary technology. In conclusion, with Topl at the helm, the evolution of effective and impactful business practices is not merely a possibility; it is an attainable reality that is drawing closer each day.

To start your journey with Monero, the first crucial step is to acquire a wallet that meets your specific requirements. Visit our Downloads page to select the appropriate wallet for your operating system, as Monero wallets are designed to work seamlessly across various platforms and come equipped with all the features you need to begin using Monero immediately. After establishing your wallet, the next move is to obtain some Monero coins; you can consider options like mining or earning them through your efforts, but the simplest approach is to use an exchange to trade your fiat currency for XMR. There are numerous exchanges available, both centralized and decentralized, that facilitate Monero (XMR) trading. Monero operates as a digital currency that can be utilized for payments of goods, services, and other currencies, all while maintaining privacy and offering low transaction fees. A wide range of merchants accept XMR for their products, so take a moment to explore our 'Merchants' page for further details. It’s important to understand that Monero transcends being just a currency; it embodies a decentralized community driven by the dedication of numerous volunteers who actively contribute to its advancement and success. This spirit of community and commitment to decentralization is what truly sets Monero apart and enhances its appeal. Additionally, engaging with this community can provide valuable insights and support as you navigate your experience with Monero.

Waves is a community-oriented suite of decentralized, open-source technologies aimed at empowering the development of scalable, user-focused applications. It provides an extensive framework for launching successful blockchain games and incorporates an innovative algorithmic price-stable assetization protocol that facilitates the creation of stablecoins tied to various real-world assets, such as national currencies and commodities. As a globally accessible open-source platform for decentralized applications, Waves utilizes a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism that seeks to leverage the benefits of blockchain technology while minimizing its carbon emissions. The versatile technology stack of Waves can be utilized in a broad range of contexts requiring high levels of security and decentralization, including sectors like open finance, personal identification, gaming, and sensitive data management. Moreover, the Waves Association, a non-profit organization located in Berlin, plays a vital role in promoting the development of Waves technologies by advocating for research and education, as well as providing grants to projects that utilize the Waves stack, thereby fostering the sustainability and growth of the ecosystem. This collaborative framework not only bolsters the potential for innovation but also inspires developers to investigate a variety of applications within the dynamic blockchain landscape, ultimately leading to a more diverse and vibrant community.

Nano was created to function effectively without the dependence on mining, a method that requires a substantial amount of energy for processing transactions. Rather than using mining, it incorporates a revolutionary voting system that completely removes this requirement. When users choose to transact with nano, they can guarantee that the full amount of value goes directly to the recipient, akin to cash transactions. This digital currency was intentionally crafted to enhance the ease of transactions on both local and global scales, facilitating international money transfers without any associated fees. The distinctive workings of the nano network allow it to consume significantly less energy compared to traditional cryptocurrencies, making it an environmentally friendly and sustainable option that supports a greener planet. Furthermore, the efficient design of nano transactions not only promotes financial accessibility but also ensures that users all around the globe can participate in the modern economy without barriers. As a result, nano stands out as a forward-thinking solution that aligns with the growing demand for sustainable financial technologies.

Hedera is overseen by some of the most esteemed organizations worldwide. As the foremost enterprise-grade public network, Hedera allows you to mold your digital ecosystem according to your aspirations. Its native cryptocurrency, HBAR, is crafted for energy efficiency and serves as the backbone of a decentralized economy. No matter if you are a new startup, a well-established business, a digital creator, or an end-user, Hedera equips developers with advanced tools that transcend conventional blockchain technology, setting the stage for a new era of swift, fair, and secure applications. While Bitcoin paved the way for decentralized systems and Ethereum brought programmability to the forefront, earlier proof-of-work blockchains struggled with considerable drawbacks, including excessive energy consumption and slower transaction speeds to uphold security measures. This high energy requirement often leads to expensive fees, even for simple cryptocurrency transactions. In sharp contrast, Hedera's proof-of-stake public network leverages hashgraph consensus to provide a remarkable level of security known as Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (ABFT). This cutting-edge methodology not only bolsters transaction efficiency but also plays a vital role in fostering a sustainable future for digital finance, ensuring that technology and environmental responsibility can coexist harmoniously.

Celo is a groundbreaking platform that aims to make financial tools accessible to anyone equipped with a mobile device. It establishes a global framework for payments that is tailor-made for mobile usage. This open-source initiative is backed by a diverse community of organizations and individuals who work together to enhance and govern the platform, empowering users to build applications that cross international boundaries. With efficient incentives for both light clients and full nodes, Celo can scale to accommodate up to 6 billion smartphones. The platform is fully compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), facilitating an easy entry point for those new to the ecosystem. Furthermore, Celo includes a developing range of native stablecoins, such as Celo Dollars, which are tied to the values of various fiat currencies. Users have the option to pay transaction fees using stablecoins or personal tokens, offering them greater payment flexibility. The decentralized phone verification system enables seamless money transfers to any mobile number, thereby unlocking a wide range of global cash-in and cash-out options. For developers, Celo provides an array of robust tools that allow for exploration, innovation, and the launch of community-focused projects, thereby nurturing a dynamic ecosystem that champions financial inclusivity. Ultimately, Celo is reshaping the landscape of mobile finance, making it more accessible and versatile for users around the world. This transformative platform continues to evolve, promising even greater advancements in the future.

Obyte functions as a decentralized ledger built on a directed acyclic graph (DAG) framework, distinguishing itself from centralized ledgers and conventional blockchains by fostering a system that is open, fair, and free of intermediaries. This structure enables users to access the ledger without restrictions while promoting decentralization. Through its Bonded Stablecoins platform, individuals can issue stablecoins pegged to currencies like USD or BTC, as well as create new stablecoins linked to diverse assets or indices. Moreover, the Stable+ coins are designed for appreciation, with holders potentially earning interest rates of up to 16% annually in USD. The platform also offers governance tokens, which increase in value as more Stable+ coins are issued. To facilitate trading of tokens on the Obyte network, users can take advantage of the ODEX decentralized exchange or the Oswap automated market maker; ODEX utilizes off-chain order matching for fast transaction speeds akin to traditional exchanges, while Oswap allows users to earn fees by providing liquidity with each trade. A notable aspect of Obyte is its ability to facilitate conditional payments, enabling users to establish specific conditions that must be fulfilled before the recipient can access their funds, thereby enhancing the flexibility of financial transactions. This groundbreaking functionality not only redefines the utility of digital currencies but also opens the door to numerous innovative applications in the financial landscape. Furthermore, Obyte’s commitment to decentralization and user empowerment marks a significant shift in how digital assets can be managed and utilized.

Bitcoin Gold (BTG) is a cryptocurrency that builds on Bitcoin's foundational principles, opting for standard GPUs for mining instead of specialized ASIC hardware. This transition towards GPU mining promotes a more decentralized mining ecosystem, empowering individuals around the world instead of consolidating control within a few large ASIC operators. By encouraging broader participation, BTG seeks to recapture the original network dynamics that Bitcoin enjoyed during its formative period. Additionally, Bitcoin Gold incorporates the Lightning Network, enabling swift transactions capable of processing virtually limitless payments per second. This integration exemplifies a robust "second layer" solution that operates above the primary blockchain, resulting in enhanced efficiency. The emergence of second layers and side chains allows for innovative technologies, such as smart contracts, to function at impressive speeds while leveraging the security provided by the BTG mainchain. Moreover, BTG maintains compatibility with essential Bitcoin features like SegWit and the Lightning Network, while sidestepping the resource demands linked to Bitcoin mining and the race for acknowledgment as the "true Bitcoin." In this way, BTG not only enriches the cryptocurrency landscape but also fosters a more inclusive and accessible mining environment, which is vital for the future of digital currencies. Ultimately, the unique attributes of BTG position it as a significant player within the broader crypto ecosystem.

Telos distinguishes itself as the leading network for the implementation of practical applications across diverse industries, showcasing the use of Telos-based tokens, NFTs, and smart contracts in areas such as decentralized finance (DeFi), gaming, and social media, all while offering almost limitless possibilities for real-world usage. Currently, over 100 projects are under development on the Telos platform, with well-known brands utilizing the Telos blockchain for real-life applications like transparent evaluations of hackathons and payment processing through Taikai. The network effectively incorporates eosio C++ smart contract technology, positioning itself as the foremost decentralized framework for applications requiring high throughput. Importantly, Telos is poised to become the first EVM-compatible blockchain built on eosio, enabling developers to deploy and run their Ethereum applications on Telos EVM, ensuring peak performance in the DeFi space. By engaging with Telos, you not only tap into its capabilities but also join a vibrant community of hundreds of developers and thousands of users who acknowledge its vast potential. The network prioritizes economic and geographic decentralization to bolster the security and integrity of the blockchain, supported by initiatives such as the Telos Works proposal system and funding opportunities for new projects. This dedication to fostering a community-driven environment promotes ongoing innovation and collaboration, making Telos an attractive option for both users and developers alike, continually enhancing the ecosystem's growth and sustainability.

Ravencoin is a protocol based on a tweaked version of Bitcoin's code, which adds functionalities that allow users to create and manage tokens on its blockchain. Creators can tailor their tokens with specific features, such as limiting their quantity and defining them as either securities or collectibles. Functioning as a decentralized peer-to-peer platform, Ravencoin aims to simplify asset transfers among users. Since its launch on January 3, 2018, the project has maintained an open-source model, operating without an initial coin offering (ICO) or masternode framework. Its commitment to developing practical solutions is bolstered by a vibrant and growing community that actively supports its mission. This strong community involvement, along with a focus on technological progress, distinguishes Ravencoin within the competitive cryptocurrency market. Additionally, the platform's unique approach to tokenization appeals to a diverse range of users and interests, further enhancing its relevance and appeal.

At Zilliqa, we leverage our swift, efficient, and economical blockchain technology to transform the digital infrastructure for various communities and industries worldwide. Our primary focus is to deliver a scalable and secure platform specifically designed for developers and businesses looking to build decentralized applications. The pioneering implementation of sharding allows our blockchain to grow in a linear fashion, ensuring that the Zilliqa platform can meet the evolving needs of an expanding ecosystem of miners and applications. In addition, Zilliqa is powered by Scilla, the first smart contract language to undergo peer review, emphasizing security as a foundational element. By incorporating functional programming concepts similar to those found in OCaml, Scilla improves its compatibility with static analysis and formal verification methods. Moreover, Zilliqa's consensus mechanism greatly reduces the environmental footprint of mining operations, as it only requires a minute of mining every 2-3 hours, enabling dual-mining activities with other blockchain networks concurrently. This innovative strategy not only promotes sustainability but also encourages a broader range of users to engage with the platform. Ultimately, our commitment to enhancing blockchain technology is reflected in every facet of Zilliqa's development and operation.

The cryptocurrency landscape today is fragmented, yet there exists a promising solution to bring it together. For the first time, developers are empowered to create projects, generate value, and exchange assets seamlessly on a single, high-performance blockchain. Central to the Hyperliquid Layer-1 is the HyperBFT consensus mechanism, which facilitates a variety of nodes in achieving a consensus on the overall system state. This state encompasses all software applications, whether they are integral components or part of the HyperEVM framework. The Hyper Foundation, established to promote the development of the Hyperliquid blockchain and its ecosystem, has announced plans for the initial distribution of its native token, HYPE. This initiative marks a significant step toward the implementation of proof-of-stake consensus and the launch of HyperEVM on the mainnet of the layer-1 blockchain. Among its key offerings, Hyperliquid features a decentralized trading platform that provides substantial on-chain liquidity for various asset classes. With the rollout of HyperEVM, applications built on Hyperliquid will capitalize on this extensive liquidity pool, thereby enhancing their overall functionality and user experience. These advancements not only illustrate the capabilities of the Hyperliquid platform but also signal a promising future for a more integrated and effective cryptocurrency ecosystem, as developers and users alike benefit from the enhanced resources available.

Holochain is an open-source framework designed for decentralized peer-to-peer applications that leverages localized trust circles to maintain data integrity without centralized oversight. By incorporating existing technologies, it capitalizes on the advantages of blockchain, enabling users to manage their own data and fostering accountability amongst peers through a decentralized database. This platform serves as a viable alternative to the dominant centralized models of the Internet, granting individuals the tools to make informed decisions and access trustworthy information, a concept we define as 'digital agency,' which we believe empowers collaboration in addressing today's complex challenges. Moreover, Holochain facilitates effortless integration with other applications, functioning as if they were native to your code, thus eliminating the necessity for an HTTP client and allowing for direct function calls with customizable access controls. The architecture of Holochain allows computation and data to operate at the network's periphery, alleviating users of the burdens associated with infrastructure upkeep and security management. Additionally, the system is engineered to dynamically adapt to disruptions and threats, positioning it as a resilient solution for modern demands. Ultimately, this groundbreaking approach fosters a more robust and user-centric digital environment while paving the way for future innovations that can respond to the evolving landscape of technology.

eXchange inFinite (XinFin) utilizes a Delegated Proof of Stake Consensus network (XDPoS), which supports hybrid relay bridges and provides instant block finality while adhering to ISO20022 messaging standards, significantly increasing its attractiveness to developers. This blockchain network, designed for global trade and finance, enables the digitization and tokenization of trade transactions, ensuring swift settlements that enhance efficiency and reduce reliance on complex foreign exchange mechanisms; consequently, this grants financial institutions improved flexibility in liquidity management. The XDPoS framework incorporates stakeholder approval voting, tackling consensus challenges in a manner that promotes fairness and democratic participation. Moreover, the XinFin Protocol (XDC) facilitates superior interoperability with existing legacy systems and various blockchain platforms, making it an ideal choice for core banking, ERP, SWIFT systems, and beyond, thereby broadening its role within the financial landscape. In addition, its forward-thinking strategies for optimizing processes are set to transform financial transactions in today's digital economy, paving the way for more streamlined and accessible financial services. This evolution could potentially empower businesses and consumers alike, ushering in a new era of efficiency and innovation in the world of finance.

A pioneering Layer 1 blockchain project is on the verge of launching a revolutionary public network that facilitates an expansive environment for smart contracts, allowing operations at web speed while significantly reducing computational costs by a factor of a million or more. This innovative network opens the door to a wide array of applications, ranging from decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions to comprehensive tokenized social media platforms that operate entirely on-chain, or even improving the functionality of existing Ethereum decentralized applications. As you embark on this transformative journey towards blockchain singularity, you'll discover an unlimited blockchain ecosystem that showcases the power, speed, and scalability akin to the Internet itself. Developers are given the unique opportunity to create tokenized social media experiences solely using smart contracts, thereby revolutionizing our online interactions. The potential for groundbreaking advancements is as vast as the technology itself, leading to innovations that could fundamentally alter the landscape of digital engagement and connectivity. Ultimately, this initiative promises to reshape not only how we transact but also how we communicate and collaborate in the digital age.

Europechain serves as a blockchain platform that adheres to GDPR regulations, managed by experienced validators located in the European Union. Numerous current blockchain options on the market face significant hurdles when it comes to complying with European laws. Our committed team has crafted a blockchain framework tailored specifically for enterprises functioning within the EU, guaranteeing both compliance and operational efficiency. One of the key benefits of Distributed Ledger Technology is its ability to securely audit and validate information without the need for intermediaries. Europechain provides these benefits while reducing the risks commonly linked to public blockchain technologies. Moreover, adopting a blockchain solution can prove to be both efficient and financially advantageous. By leveraging state-of-the-art high-performance blockchain technology, our team has created a hybrid approach that merges public networks with on-demand private options. This forward-thinking strategy ensures that our offerings retain the crucial scalability and security necessary for enterprise-level operations, ultimately empowering businesses to achieve their objectives with greater assurance. In doing so, Europechain positions itself as a leader in facilitating compliant and effective blockchain solutions in the European market.

ThunderCore combines remarkable efficiency with the tenets of decentralized trust, a result of comprehensive academic study. This collaboration has led to the creation of a public blockchain compatible with EVM that boasts improved transaction speeds, faster confirmation intervals, and lower fees, which aids in the rapid deployment and expansion of decentralized applications (DApps). Central to this ecosystem is the ThunderCore Hub, a secure and intuitive cryptocurrency wallet that comes with a fully functional DApp browser. This allows users to effectively manage their digital assets while interacting with fast, scalable, and easy-to-use decentralized applications enabled by ThunderCore's high-performance infrastructure. The public blockchain's native currency is Thunder Token, which complies with EVM standards, and it supports the development and launching of tokens that follow the ERC-20 standard. This feature empowers developers to leverage Thunder Token for creating and monetizing their own decentralized applications. By fostering such innovation, ThunderCore presents itself as a compelling choice for both developers and users in the ever-evolving blockchain landscape, ultimately driving the growth of the decentralized ecosystem.

ICON is a blockchain protocol that operates as a decentralized application aimed at enabling interoperability across multiple networks by consolidating blockchain data into a singular aggregator chain. The overarching goal of ICON is to forge a new paradigm where people can create and link their distinct communities, encouraging a spirit of collaboration. Dive into the ICON Republic and explore its native cryptocurrency, ICX, while uncovering the opportunities to launch your groundbreaking projects on one of the most swiftly developing decentralized platforms. Supporting P-Reps who positively impact the ICON ecosystem is essential for ensuring the ongoing growth of both the network and your staked ICX. At present, ICON provides some of the most enticing rewards for blockchain staking in the market. Users can easily manage their tokens via the official wallet designated for the ICON Network, which streamlines the voting process and enhances the potential for rewards. MyIconWallet acts as the primary wallet for ICON, supporting ICX alongside a diverse range of other cryptocurrencies. Furthermore, our decentralized framework allows various blockchains with differing governance structures to transact effortlessly, eliminating the reliance on intermediaries. This groundbreaking method not only improves connectivity but also empowers developers to fully exploit the capabilities of blockchain technology, paving the way for innovative advancements in the field. Embrace the future of decentralized networks with ICON and witness the transformative impact it can have on your projects.

Aptos Labs focuses on developing a Layer 1 blockchain that is designed to be user-friendly for everyone. Users can create a wide array of applications on the Aptos Blockchain, participate in node operations, and immerse themselves in the swiftly expanding Aptos community. When a user initiates a transaction on this blockchain, they are effectively requesting an update to the ledger state that incorporates the specifics of their transaction. You are empowered to generate, submit, and validate transactions on the Aptos Blockchain, starting with crafting your very first Move Module specifically for the Aptos ecosystem, and moving on to deploy your inaugural coin on the network. Furthermore, you have the opportunity to learn how to build your first decentralized application (dapp). Each account within the Aptos network is assigned a unique account address that corresponds to a set of public and private keys owned by the account holder, alongside an associated authentication key. To facilitate interactions with the blockchain, Aptos provides a REST API that allows users to smoothly scan transactions and accounts across the network. You can also access comprehensive ledger information from the FullNode, which contains detailed account data and the resources linked to those accounts. By engaging with the Aptos ecosystem, you not only sharpen your technical skills but also forge connections with a dynamic community of developers who share your interests and aspirations. This collaborative environment fosters innovation and encourages continuous learning among its members.

Meter is an advanced infrastructure specifically designed to allow smart contracts to scale and operate seamlessly across multiple blockchain networks. As a hybrid of Layer 1 and Layer 2 protocols, Meter revolves around two essential tokens: MTRG, serving as the governance token (with its ERC20 version known as eMTRG), and MTR, which functions as a stable currency token. To ensure smooth and unrestricted transfer of financial assets among blockchains, Meter utilizes a HotStuff-based consensus mechanism that accommodates thousands of validator nodes, establishing itself as the most decentralized Layer 2 solution for Ethereum. The platform boasts the ability to handle thousands of transactions per second, resulting in near-instant transaction confirmations. Furthermore, Meter Passport allows for assets and smart contracts to move and engage across different blockchains, optimizing aspects such as price, liquidity, and yield. Notably, Meter distinguishes itself as an Ethereum-compatible platform enriched with unique characteristics. Unlike other Layer 2 solutions, decentralized exchanges (DEXes) on Meter are designed to be impervious to front-running and miner extractable value (MEV) dilemmas, ensuring transactions are both rapid and censorship-resistant. This unique blend of features positions Meter as a formidable contender in the ever-evolving blockchain landscape, demonstrating its potential to revolutionize cross-chain interactions.

Lisk acts as a versatile platform for blockchain applications, striving to democratize access to this groundbreaking technology so that it benefits a broad audience. We promote the creation of blockchain applications that follow the Lisk protocol, simplifying the development process by allowing everything to be coded in JavaScript and TypeScript, thus avoiding the necessity for new programming languages. The modular architecture of the Lisk SDK supports the development of a wide array of blockchain technology applications. We actively seek out entrepreneurs and developers who are enthusiastic about crafting innovative blockchain solutions utilizing the Lisk SDK. By collaborating with us, you could obtain a grant of 60,000 CHF, which can significantly contribute to enhancing our ecosystem with groundbreaking blockchain projects. Lisk Desktop serves as an all-in-one solution for managing your Lisk account, making token transactions, and participating in delegate voting, effectively merging the functionalities of a cryptocurrency wallet with those of a blockchain explorer. Simultaneously, Lisk Mobile provides a convenient and portable option for users, allowing them to oversee their blockchain activities seamlessly while on the go. With both Lisk Desktop and Lisk Mobile, users can engage deeply with the blockchain ecosystem at their convenience, ensuring they never miss an opportunity to connect and interact.

Flowchain provides IoT solutions that embody a complete Data 2025 Ready strategy for businesses. What distinguishes Flowchain is its capacity to deliver exceptional IoT services via its unique IoT Blockchain Technology. The company's emphasis on storage virtualization fosters a sophisticated infrastructure that bolsters data protection and privacy. By utilizing its own hybrid blockchain technology, Flowchain aims to significantly enhance data security for various enterprises. This hybrid blockchain combines both private permissioned and public permissionless systems, which supports the implementation of Machine Learning within the IoT Blockchain framework. Consequently, this cutting-edge technology ensures a smooth integration of Blockchain into corporate operations, offering an expanded array of products that merge blockchain functionalities with AI interaction. In essence, Flowchain equips businesses with the tools to tap into the transformative power of these advanced technologies, paving the way for future growth and innovation while setting new industry standards.

Litecoin functions as a decentralized currency that enables peer-to-peer transactions over the Internet, allowing for immediate and nearly fee-less global exchanges. It is an open-source payment system that operates autonomously, using mathematical algorithms to maintain security and empower users with complete control over their financial dealings. In comparison to the dominant cryptocurrency, Litecoin provides faster transaction confirmations and improved storage capabilities. With considerable support from the industry, Litecoin boasts substantial trading volume and liquidity, making it a trustworthy alternative to Bitcoin for everyday transactions. Furthermore, the encryption of wallets enhances the safety of your assets by necessitating a password for fund access, which enables users to monitor their transaction history and balances while guarding against potential malware threats that could compromise their wallets. This additional security feature not only protects against various risks but also acts as a verification measure prior to completing any transactions. Consequently, Litecoin emerges as a secure, efficient, and user-friendly option for those engaged in digital currency transactions. Moreover, its continuous development and community support ensure that it remains competitive in the ever-evolving cryptocurrency landscape.

Over 200 financial institutions have chosen RippleNet to expand their customer reach, diversify their services, and improve the overall global payment experience. The traditional methods of international transactions often prove to be costly, unreliable, and slow, largely due to the disjointed systems currently in place. RippleNet harnesses advanced blockchain technology aimed specifically at global payments, enabling financial entities to tap into a trustworthy and growing network of over 200 providers across 40+ countries on six continents. By employing over a decade's worth of innovative crypto and blockchain solutions, Ripple’s enterprise-grade offerings provide unmatched speed, transparency, and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional financial practices. Clients leverage these pioneering solutions to facilitate cryptocurrency acquisition, enable instant transactions, streamline treasury management, attract new customers, minimize capital requirements, and create additional revenue opportunities. In a financial landscape that is constantly changing, RippleNet emerges as a game-changer in the realm of payment processing, setting new standards for efficiency and reliability in the industry. Ultimately, this positions RippleNet not just as a service provider, but as a key player in reshaping how financial transactions are conducted on a global scale.

The realm of blockchain technology is advancing at a remarkable rate, yet public and private blockchain networks still operate separately from one another. It is crucial for Open Finance to forge connections between these distinct networks. This groundbreaking initiative promotes financial autonomy, empowerment, and a level of interconnectedness that has never been experienced by humanity before. Our mission is to promote this evolution through a web of global networks. Wanchain emerges as the leading platform for blockchain interoperability, effectively bridging the divide between isolated public and private blockchains to enable the effortless transfer of digital assets and information across the globe. Users can secure tokens on their original blockchain using a decentralized and non-custodial approach, allowing them to leverage proxy tokens in various decentralized applications within Wanchain’s broad cross-chain ecosystem. Once users have utilized these proxy tokens, they can burn them to retrieve their original tokens. Additionally, Wanchain provides the essential economic framework that empowers developers to build innovative financial applications that span multiple blockchains and connect diverse communities, thus laying the groundwork for a more cohesive financial landscape. This integration not only enhances user experience but also fosters collaboration among different blockchain ecosystems, promoting a holistic approach to financial innovation.

The TON blockchain, a decentralized layer-1 infrastructure developed by Telegram, aims to support billions of users while providing exceptionally rapid transaction processing, low fees, and intuitive applications, all within an environmentally conscious framework. Its architecture is both scalable and shareable, ensuring continuous expansion without compromising on performance. TON fulfills various roles, such as processing transaction fees, securing the network via staking, influencing development, and facilitating payment transactions. What distinguishes it from other layer-1 blockchains are its unique attributes, primarily based on the actor model, which allows smart contracts to handle a single message, change their state, or dispatch multiple messages concurrently within specified time limits. This design facilitates the growth of both the blockchain and its individual contracts to support an unlimited number of users and transactions. Additionally, the TON Virtual Machine (TVM) serves as a powerful, deterministic stack-based virtual machine that optimizes the platform's functionality and efficiency. By pioneering such innovative features, TON is positioned to significantly impact the blockchain industry, paving the way for future advancements in decentralized technology.

Crafted for both scalability and durability, æternity offers an intuitive blockchain platform designed for a global audience. With innovative features and enhanced performance that surpass earlier blockchain solutions, æternity enables its users and community to adeptly navigate the shifting dynamics of society, trade, and digital communications. Its incorporation of state channels allows for the execution of smart contracts off the main chain, significantly boosting operational efficiency. The blockchain steps in solely to enforce the smart contract's stipulations when disagreements occur between the parties involved. Unlike numerous other blockchain platforms, æternity has been thoughtfully restructured to embed state channels within its foundational protocol and smart contract language. This distinctive design streamlines the creation of applications suited for large-scale global use, facilitating a high volume of instantaneous and confidential transactions while ensuring the security standards characteristic of public blockchains. Consequently, æternity establishes itself as an innovative solution within the fast-evolving digital landscape, paving the way for future advancements. By prioritizing user experience and functionality, it aims to redefine how blockchain technology interacts with everyday life.

DeSo is an innovative layer-1 blockchain specifically crafted to foster the development of decentralized social applications, aspiring to connect with a billion users. Social media platforms generate enormous volumes of data, yet existing blockchain technologies often fail to effectively manage and organize this information. By focusing on a significantly untapped area within the blockchain realm—Social Media—DeSo has been thoughtfully designed to meet this critical need. All elements, including code and data, are fully open-source, ensuring that every piece of content is directly stored on-chain. So, what makes DeSo a preferred choice? The answer lies in its unparalleled scalability. It is the only blockchain uniquely designed to facilitate the growth of decentralized social platforms. Additionally, the DeSo blockchain incorporates its own native cryptocurrency, $DESO, which serves multiple purposes such as purchasing social tokens, acquiring NFTs, creating profiles and posts, and even rewarding users with "diamonds." This multifaceted functionality enhances the overall attractiveness of DeSo, establishing it as a holistic platform for social engagement on the blockchain. In a world increasingly driven by digital interaction, DeSo stands ready to redefine how we connect and share.

MultiversX, which was formerly known as Elrond, represents a decentralized blockchain ecosystem that prioritizes scalability and security, with the goal of enabling groundbreaking applications for individuals, enterprises, and society while also delving into the burgeoning metaverse. Harness the power of the Multiverse to bring your ideas to life by crafting new applications, economies, and environments. Featuring a self-governing blockchain module along with key core applications, this platform allows for rapid solution deployment in just minutes, while offering a wide range of customization possibilities. Its expansive array of features caters to creatives, brands, and organizations, fostering innovation and collaboration. As a gateway to the Metaverse, it creates a digital space for your avatar that includes a comprehensive suite of financial services—such as a debit card—alongside social functionalities that let users chat and connect with friends. Designed to be accessible to a global audience, it paves the way for users everywhere, acting as a vibrant world-building engine that links various interoperable metaverses, and ultimately sets the stage for the debut of the first Metaverse planet within this evolving digital realm. Furthermore, the platform continuously seeks to adapt and expand, ensuring it remains at the forefront of technological advancements and user engagement.

Anchor Protocol allows users to deposit Terra stablecoins to gain a consistent yield, taking advantage of the block rewards produced by major proof-of-stake blockchains. The platform's attributes, including instant settlements, low transaction fees, and seamless cross-border transactions, make Terra stablecoins a popular choice for numerous individuals and enterprises. Additionally, Mirror Protocol allows for the creation of fungible synthetic assets that replicate the value of real-world assets, which are intended to act as vital components within smart contracts, thereby integrating global assets into the blockchain sphere. Developers can employ various programming languages such as Rust, Go, or AssemblyScript to build smart contracts that operate across different chains linked through the Cosmos Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol. The foundational elements of this structure include Terra stablecoins, on-chain swaps, and Layer 1 oracles, which collectively empower decentralized applications (dApps) to leverage Terra's payment solutions in an accessible way. Moreover, Terra aspires to provide its stablecoin solutions to every developer across diverse blockchain ecosystems. Presently, the platform is functional on Ethereum and Solana, and plans for further expansion to additional networks are underway. This growth underscores Terra's dedication to enriching the blockchain landscape for all stakeholders involved while fostering innovation and collaboration.

A blockchain crafted to satisfy compliance requirements for both existing and upcoming economies facilitates a smooth integration of private and public transactions. It is characterized by outstanding throughput, swift transaction times, and clear fee structures. This technology enables businesses, developers, and traders to harness the vast capabilities that blockchain offers. Notably, Concordium’s decentralized blockchain is at the forefront with its distinctive layer-one identity incorporated directly into the protocol. This cutting-edge strategy equips progressive companies, app developers, and cryptocurrency supporters with unmatched security, privacy, transparency, and importantly, compliance with changing regulations. Utilizing zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP), it enables parties to verify information without needing to disclose or store sensitive data on-chain, apart from hash functions, thereby preserving user confidentiality in business interactions. Such innovative features not only enhance user trust but also establish Concordium as a significant contender in the rapidly changing blockchain arena. With an emphasis on future-proofing and regulatory alignment, it is poised to lead the charge in blockchain advancements.

Kadena's public blockchain is a high-throughput Proof of Work network that intertwines multiple chains, enhancing both scalability and throughput while maintaining the security and integrity associated with Bitcoin. By leveraging its native token, KDA, Kadena provides a reliable and scalable solution for digital currency transactions. Furthermore, it promotes data sharing and is being implemented across various industries such as finance, healthcare, and insurance. The mainnet of Kadena is now entirely open for public mining activities, and the latest updates can be found on the Chainweb-node GitHub Project, where users can also monitor the real-time mining of its parallel chains through Kadena’s Block Explorer. Additionally, we have introduced our Testnet Portal, which acts as an all-inclusive resource for downloading the testnet wallet, obtaining testnet coins, playing games, and participating in interactive experiences with our blockchain. This groundbreaking public blockchain utilizes a massively parallel protocol that greatly enhances the efficiency of Proof of Work processes. Through these advancements, Kadena seeks to transform the integration of blockchain technology into daily applications, fostering innovation across various sectors. As it grows, the potential for Kadena to create new opportunities and solutions in the blockchain space becomes increasingly evident.

The Cosmos network embodies an ever-expanding ecosystem of interconnected applications and services, envisioned for a future underpinned by decentralization. Step into an innovative world filled with cooperative services that enhance functionality. By leveraging the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol, it allows for smooth and efficient exchanges of assets and data between various independent decentralized blockchains. Serving as the economic nucleus of the Cosmos, the Cosmos Hub acts as a blockchain that provides critical services for the Interchain. It is set to introduce a state-of-the-art decentralized exchange that will enable users to trade digital assets from different blockchains within the Interchain, all while ensuring low fees and prompt transaction confirmations. Furthermore, the forthcoming Interchain Staking feature will empower ATOM to safeguard multiple chains, rewarding users with additional staking benefits. A core mission of the Hub is to unite diverse blockchains through the establishment of IBC connections with compatible networks and the construction of decentralized bridges to major chains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin, significantly improving the overall interoperability of the blockchain ecosystem. This vision underscores Cosmos's commitment to fostering a more integrated and efficient digital environment, ultimately transforming how decentralized applications interact and operate with one another.

Nxt is an innovative open-source blockchain platform that distinguished itself as the first to implement a fully proof-of-stake consensus mechanism. Launched in November 2013 and crafted entirely in Java, Nxt exemplifies the potential of blockchain technology to extend beyond simple value transactions, showcasing its capacity to revolutionize various areas of life through the creation of a wide range of decentralized applications. Today, Nxt is recognized as one of the most dependable and extensively tested platforms within the blockchain industry, influencing numerous other projects significantly. Featuring a broad selection of user-friendly, modular built-in functionalities, Nxt effectively caters to a vast majority of decentralized application requirements while also being adaptable for private blockchain implementations. Importantly, Nxt achieved the milestone of being the first to deploy a pure proof-of-stake consensus protocol, establishing a benchmark for subsequent initiatives in the field. Its forward-thinking design has not only enhanced its own capabilities but also contributed to the overall evolution of blockchain technology, encouraging continuous improvement and innovation across the sector. Ultimately, Nxt's legacy continues to inspire and shape the future of decentralized solutions.

Cardano stands out as a groundbreaking blockchain platform crafted for innovators, changemakers, and visionaries, offering essential tools and technologies that create opportunities for individuals and communities while catalyzing global change. As the pioneer of proof-of-stake blockchain technology, Cardano is grounded in thorough peer-reviewed research and utilizes evidence-based approaches for its evolution. This forward-thinking platform merges sophisticated technologies to provide unparalleled security and sustainability for decentralized applications, systems, and communities. Guided by a reputable team of engineers, Cardano's mission is to empower individuals by redistributing power from unaccountable institutions and paving the way for significant progress and transformation. Furthermore, Cardano aims to restore trust in global systems by developing a more secure, transparent, and sustainable framework for transactions, governance, and enterprise growth. In addition to its focus on innovation, Cardano also emphasizes collaboration and inclusivity, recognizing that collective effort is vital for achieving lasting change. Ultimately, the platform embodies a dedication to applying scientific principles for societal advancement, ensuring that the benefits of progress are shared by all.

CasperLabs promotes the integration of blockchain technology by providing comprehensive professional services and support for businesses utilizing the Casper platform. As the first operational proof-of-stake blockchain, the Casper Network is derived from the groundbreaking Casper CBC specifications. Its design is specifically focused on improving engagement for both enterprises and developers with blockchain technology today, while remaining flexible to meet future user needs. Built on the foundational CBC Casper specifications devised by Ethereum developers, Casper enables companies to create either private or permissioned applications within its framework. The proof-of-stake mechanism utilized by Casper is designed to facilitate sharding, an essential database-scaling technique. Moreover, features such as upgradeable contracts, clear gas fees, and compatibility with WebAssembly ensure that Casper evolves in tandem with the shifting requirements of businesses. The Casper Network’s team, CasperLabs, is committed to delivering a wide array of services and support that accommodate organizations of all sizes, from well-established companies to budding startups, thus enriching the entire blockchain ecosystem. This dedication to fostering innovation positions Casper as a significant contributor to the ongoing development of blockchain technology. As a result, the Casper Network is well-equipped to address the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in the rapidly changing landscape of digital transactions.

Everscale's architecture demonstrates that the combination of software algorithms with blockchain technology removes software limitations on performance, leading to an increase in transaction throughput that corresponds with network bandwidth. As a result, Everscale successfully embodies the three fundamental principles of blockchain: scalability, security, and decentralization. In our work at Everscale, we are validating the significance of research in distributed systems as it applies to blockchain technology. Interestingly, this can be achieved using a technique that has been incorporated in Bitcoin since its inception, which allows transactions to be scheduled based on block height instead of relying on traditional timestamps. For optimal network efficiency, it is vital to employ reliable servers with high-speed internet capabilities. Furthermore, attaining true decentralization requires that these servers be owned by a varied array of individuals or entities. This commitment to both performance and decentralization illustrates a thoughtful strategy for developing strong blockchain solutions, ensuring that Everscale remains at the forefront of innovation in the industry. By prioritizing these aspects, we aim to create a resilient and efficient blockchain ecosystem that can adapt to the evolving demands of the digital landscape.

The value of public blockchains is driven by the active participation of their community members, who address real-world economic issues. By introducing BlockRef and Expiration transaction fields, users are empowered to set specific execution times for transactions, as well as determine their expiration if not confirmed in a block. Moreover, the platform accommodates various transaction fee delegation models, such as Multi-party Payment and Designated Gas Payer, which support a freemium model for decentralized applications, simplifying the onboarding process for users. Developers have the opportunity to utilize multi-function atomic transactions, allowing them to consolidate multiple payments and contract function calls into a single transaction while managing the sequence of their execution. Through the establishment of dependencies, the system guarantees that transactions with defined prerequisites are executed only after the necessary conditions are fulfilled, thereby improving efficiency and reliability in business processes. This advanced technology not only enhances operational flow but also encourages innovation, enabling developers to design more intricate and interconnected functionalities, ultimately leading to a richer ecosystem. As a result, the collaborative efforts within the community contribute to the blockchain's evolution and its ability to address emerging challenges.