Top D4H Alternatives

Enhance safety by identifying potential dangers ahead of time and acting swiftly through advanced visual gun detection technology. Our AI-driven Gun Detect software ensures dependable, round-the-clock surveillance of security cameras, facilitating the seamless implementation of an early detection system for firearms. Additionally, our Emergency Communications and Automation Platform enhances situational awareness by automatically executing emergency response protocols and safety measures. We empower you to make the most of each moment, safeguarding your personnel from various hazards, whether from firearms or extreme weather conditions. By prioritizing the protection of your workforce, facilities, and operations, you can face any contemporary threats with confidence. With our solutions in place, you can ensure a safer environment for everyone involved.

Konexus is a mobile application designed to deliver emergency alerts and manage crises efficiently. With its user-friendly interface, it enables organizations to send notifications securely through the app, regardless of location. The platform includes essential features for managing critical events, enhancing response times and recovery efforts, thereby ensuring the safety and security of both businesses and individuals. By leveraging Konexus, users can stay prepared for unforeseen circumstances, fostering a proactive approach to crisis management.

WebEOC serves as a comprehensive tool for managing crises, enhancing both organizational resilience and responsive strategies. Its distinct array of features can be tailored to meet the specific requirements of various organizations, ensuring adaptability in dynamic situations.

Emergency Reporting provides an outstanding solution aimed at optimizing the administration of your public safety agency. The process of entering high-quality data and extracting valuable insights has been simplified significantly. Our comprehensive Fire and EMS Software combines NFIRS and NEMSIS 3, resulting in a cohesive incident reporting system. With our powerful data management tools, you can articulate your story, support your funding requests, and improve the safety of your personnel, all while maintaining regulatory compliance and operational efficiency. This seamless integration empowers organizations to focus on what matters most: protecting their communities.

Crises Control enables organizations to maintain open channels of communication by simplifying the process of sending notifications to numerous recipients simultaneously. This capability facilitates swift responses and creates a comprehensive audit trail that monitors the entire communication process. Moreover, Crises Control serves as an essential resource by delivering real-time alerts, thereby reducing potential risks to individuals' safety, the environment, and the overall organization. Its effectiveness in crisis management cannot be overstated, as it plays a crucial role in ensuring preparedness and responsiveness during emergencies.

IRIS Core is a comprehensive software solution designed to assist Emergency Services and Event Managers in managing on-site operational responses effectively. By centralizing critical data and tools, IRIS provides Incident Commanders with an up-to-the-minute perspective of ongoing situations, enabling them to coordinate their teams more efficiently and safely. This integrated approach enhances overall situational awareness and improves decision-making during emergencies. Furthermore, the platform's user-friendly interface streamlines communication among team members, fostering collaboration and prompt action when it matters most.

Boost the effectiveness of emergency call handling, unit mobilization, and on-site communication with Smart CAD. This cutting-edge solution allows you to enhance the dispatching workflow, automate routine tasks, and ultimately lead to faster and more precise responses to incidents. Instantly access crucial incident information, benefit from an intuitive navigation system, and maintain seamless communication with other teams on the ground. Smart CAD empowers all personnel in the field with the tools they need to effectively resolve incidents. Improve your operational efficiency with software that is designed for rapid unit dispatch and efficient incident management. Commanders can make swift decisions confidently, backed by actionable insights, real-time incident updates, resource availability, and accurate locations. Furthermore, refine the call-taking process, receive alerts straight from IoT devices, and automate standard procedures to significantly boost your operational potential. This holistic strategy guarantees that every facet of incident response is fine-tuned for optimal performance, ultimately leading to better outcomes for all involved. By leveraging Smart CAD, organizations can cultivate a more responsive and effective emergency management system.

Mission Manager is a multifaceted platform accessible both online and offline, crafted to aid incident commanders in managing their everyday team operations and missions. It promotes a cooperative working environment for standard tasks while serving as an interactive command center during critical events. In contrast to typical emergency management systems that activate solely in times of crisis and depend on localized networks, Mission Manager reduces the chances of forgotten passwords and the unavailability of essential personnel information during stressful moments. By promoting consistent usage, it ensures that team member details are continuously updated, thereby enhancing overall readiness. Moreover, Mission Manager is user-friendly, flexible, and highly customizable, featuring automated reporting tools, sophisticated mapping capabilities, and integrated web-based calendars that streamline coordination. The platform is further supported by extensive tutorials and dedicated customer assistance, which increases its functionality and helps users fully leverage its features. Ultimately, Mission Manager is recognized as a vital tool for proficient incident management and effective team collaboration, making it indispensable for organizations facing both routine and emergency situations.

DisasterLAN (DLAN) stands as the premier emergency management solution offered by Buffalo Computer Graphics. This secure, web-based software can be utilized from virtually any location and on any device. DLAN equips users with essential tools for collaborative situational awareness and efficient information management based on workflows. Its key features are comprised of modules such as Ticket Manager, Status Board, Asset Management, Mobile Responder, GIS, Situation Reports, Incident Action Plans, and Finance. The design of the DLAN system prioritizes user-friendliness and requires minimal training for end users to become proficient. Additionally, it boasts straightforward administration tools that do not necessitate any programming knowledge. Since its inception in 2002, BCG has consistently enhanced and supported this software, ensuring it meets evolving needs. DLAN is offered as an on-premise, cloud, or hybrid solution, catering to organizations of various sizes in both the public and private sectors. This versatile software is utilized across diverse industries, including emergency management, healthcare, transportation, utilities, education, and corporate sectors, demonstrating its broad applicability and effectiveness.

In urgent situations, every moment counts. GeoSafe Mobile provides an intuitive GPS tracking system along with CAD integration tailored specifically for law enforcement, fire services, and emergency medical teams. This technology allows for rapid access to critical information and improves communication with field units. By implementing GPS (AVL) and real-time 911-call data in the field, you can significantly enhance your fleet's operational efficiency. Whether managing routine patrols or large-scale events, you can optimize your daily operations and incident management workflows. Sharing data across multiple CAD systems helps to reduce response times and increase officer safety. Furthermore, you can elevate your situational awareness through effective coordination of multi-agency responses for better collaborative support. First responders can be equipped with integrated mapping tools that provide vital information about hydrants, storm shelters, cameras, and pre-incident plans. A simple tap allows you to signal that you are en route or on-scene, with your status being automatically updated in the CAD system for real-time visibility among all relevant teams. This seamless integration not only improves communication but also establishes a more effective emergency response framework that can save lives. By embracing this technology, agencies can ensure they are always prepared for any situation that may arise.

With CatapultEMS, you will develop a comprehensive emergency communication strategy that is consistently transparent, centralized, and well-informed, ensuring effective connectivity among teachers, school sites, district officials, and law enforcement agencies. The system enables real-time student tracking, smooth reunification procedures, staff check-ins, and management of threat reports, all supported by a dependable cloud-based platform. Furthermore, our Emergency Management System includes an Anonymous Bully and Threat reporting tool, which allows students, teachers, and parents to confidentially report any troubling incidents through your website. When a report is submitted, the designated Bully Response Team or Site Safety Team receives instant alerts via text and email, guaranteeing swift attention and action on the anonymous communication. This all-encompassing strategy not only boosts safety measures but also cultivates a culture of open dialogue and trust within the school community, ultimately enhancing the overall welfare of students and staff alike.

The SMARTPLAN solution utilizes the expertise of a specialized team of planning professionals to develop or adjust your response strategies via an online platform that ensures seamless access and management of your plans. This proven approach is applicable to the formulation of a wide range of strategic documents, such as response plans, business continuity initiatives, and incident management frameworks, leading to significant enhancements in both efficiency and cost savings. By integrating digital solutions, conducting regular audits, and adhering to industry best practices, you can ensure compliance with emergency response protocols. As your organization evolves, it is imperative to uphold a state of readiness. Explore ten persuasive reasons to emphasize emergency response planning to enhance safety, compliance, and operational effectiveness. In addition, discover methods to optimize your preparedness efforts. Improve your oil spill response by adopting a holistic strategy that prioritizes safety, compliance, and environmental responsibility through customized procedures, detailed risk evaluations, and prompt actions. Ultimately, a robust emergency response not only conserves time but also safeguards lives and valuable resources, ensuring that your organization remains resilient in the face of challenges. Furthermore, investing in comprehensive planning encourages a culture of safety and readiness among all staff members.

Symphia NowForce enhances real-time communication and boosts situational awareness, resulting in more efficient strategies for incident management and response. By leveraging advanced smart devices alongside reliable wireless and mobile networks, organizations can quickly adjust to developing situations as they occur. This adaptable and scalable platform fosters information sharing, centralized communication, and coordinated actions among diverse teams, regardless of geographical boundaries. It effectively links personnel and units, allowing for immediate access to insights and alerts, ensuring that responses are efficient no matter where they are required. The platform employs smart technology and networking capabilities to facilitate instant interaction through video, voice, and text, promoting a seamless information flow. It ensures a constant 24/7 connection between operations leadership, security operation centers, security teams, and local emergency responders, thereby creating a unified front during crises. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of emergency dispatch not only enhances situational awareness but also accelerates response times, which is critical for resolving incidents effectively. Ultimately, Symphia NowForce not only strengthens communication but also revolutionizes the way organizations handle emergencies, making them more prepared and responsive to any situation that may arise. This innovative approach can significantly reduce the impact of crises on communities.

Keeping pace with the evolving landscape of firefighting and emergency response is increasingly challenging in today's world. National Fire and EMS organizations face difficulties in effectively managing their daily operations, spanning from Pre-Incident Planning to Response and Incident Reporting. Unfortunately, there is no single solution that adequately addresses the diverse needs of these agencies, which include personnel management, incident documentation, prevention strategies, and response coordination. A significant number of existing platforms rely on outdated technology and fail to leverage the advantages of cloud-based systems, such as enhanced flexibility and regular updates. As a result, many agencies find themselves locked into older software versions, missing out on essential features necessary for adapting to contemporary demands. Additionally, most available platforms prioritize records management and compliance over equipping first responders with the comprehensive information they require in the field, which can hinder their effectiveness. This gap in functionality underscores the pressing need for modernized solutions that prioritize the real-time needs of emergency responders.

H2CommandCentre functions as the central command for proficient emergency management. This platform is equipped with vital applications, including H2Common Operating Picture, H2E-ERP, H2Respond, H2SIMS, H2GRP, H2Notify, H2IAP, and H2Wildfire, providing a comprehensive array of tools for both preparedness and response. It covers various aspects such as mapping, stakeholder engagement, and enhancing communication between corporate teams and field operators, thereby aiding in the thorough assessment of all relevant information during the recovery process. Prioritizing the safety of the public, employees, the environment, and the organization's reputation, H2CommandCentre is specifically designed to cater to the varied requirements of different industries and geographical locations. All emergency management functionalities are consolidated in one convenient location, where every action is logged for future analysis. Users are afforded quick access to essential documents and data, making it an indispensable asset. Furthermore, it is unique as the sole application platform entirely built around the Incident Command System (ICS) principles, ensuring efficient management in any emergency situation. This innovative approach not only enhances operational efficiency but also fosters a culture of accountability and continuous improvement within organizations.

FirstResponse911 fills the communication void between various public safety organizations. When agencies operate in proximity or frequently collaborate, it becomes essential to exchange call information promptly to ensure the most efficient and effective response. In such scenarios, quickly relaying the initial call details and subsequent updates is crucial for initiating a response and enhancing it with additional resources as necessary. By ensuring all agencies have access to the same data, misunderstandings are minimized, leading to improved management of incident responses across different jurisdictions. Additionally, FirstResponse911 equips public safety agencies with a system that automatically directs call data to relevant subscribing agencies according to predefined policies. This system mandates acknowledgment of receipt and confirms the agency's commitment to respond. In instances where multiple agencies serve a specific area, FirstResponse911 utilizes user-defined criteria to direct calls to the most suitable agency, ensuring a streamlined and effective response process. Thus, FirstResponse911 not only enhances inter-agency communication but also optimizes the overall response strategy.

Enhance real-time situational awareness in the field to bolster response safety, minimize response times, and elevate operational efficiency by delivering essential data directly to responders while they are en route or present at the scene. With our CAD Link, visualize active incidents as information flows from your dispatch system, allowing responders to instantly track the status of their entire fleet as crews can update their availability with just a button press in the field, while unit locations appear on the AVL map. Responder360 provides comprehensive management of pre-incident plans in compliance with NFPA 1620, ensuring that all occupancy details, including construction specifics, operational systems, protective features, contact information, and access points, are readily accessible on-site. Users can swiftly upload sketches or building plans and overlay NFPA 170 symbols on any map layer for easy reference during a response. Once data is saved in the system, it becomes immediately available to all users, fostering seamless communication and coordination. Responder360 serves as a complete incident response solution for first responders, compatible with any device, featuring an "all-in-one" interface that allows users to effortlessly locate dispatched sites, examine incident information, access pre-plans, and identify hydrant and other responding apparatus locations. This intuitive system not only streamlines the response process but also empowers responders to make informed decisions based on real-time data, ultimately enhancing public safety and operational effectiveness.

Rave Collaborate facilitates efficient collaboration during both planned and unplanned incidents. This intuitive platform enhances adherence to policies and procedures while delivering essential information in real-time. Designed for rapid response, it features a user-friendly online dashboard that allows for straightforward interaction with critical tasks. Users can effectively assign roles and share updates as events unfold, enabling immediate reactions during ongoing situations. It is advisable to maintain a collection of pre-prepared templates and reference documents that can be utilized before, during, and after incidents. By documenting every action taken during both routine and unexpected scenarios, response times can be accelerated, and compliance assured. Additionally, it is essential to maintain communication during significant events such as severe weather conditions, power failures, road closures, and other operational challenges that may impact your supply chain, infrastructure, and IT systems. This comprehensive approach ensures that all team members are informed and can act swiftly to mitigate disruptions.

An array of digital resources tailored for emergency management exists to improve readiness and resilience. These resources encompass monitoring systems for potential threats, facilities, and incidents, thereby fostering synchronized efforts in command, communication, collaboration, decision-making, and overall emergency management during both response and recovery stages. By providing a detailed overview and an integrated suite of tools, users are empowered to monitor, understand, and act swiftly in routine operations and critical situations, which can vary from local emergencies to nationwide crises. Emphasizing preparation, planning, mitigation, response, and recovery for a wide range of hazards, these emergency management tools are specifically designed to cater to the unique requirements of your surroundings, events, venues, organizations, and businesses. The system features an open architecture along with flexible hosting options, ensuring it is built with a robust level of certified security. COBRA provides your organization with the essential emergency management capabilities to proficiently prepare for and navigate any crisis at tactical, command, and strategic levels. Moreover, COBRA bolsters situational awareness through functionalities such as rapid alert notifications, real-time mapping integrated with live sensor and drone technology, and collaborative logs accessible to multiple users. This forward-thinking methodology guarantees that your organization remains fully equipped to respond to emergencies in a timely and effective manner, thus enhancing overall operational efficiency. By leveraging these advanced tools, organizations can build a culture of preparedness that not only addresses current challenges but also anticipates future threats.

The Larimore Records Management System is an all-encompassing and cohesive solution comprised of over fifteen distinct applications specifically crafted to cater to the unique requirements of your organization. This state-of-the-art system guarantees the prompt provision of vital information, meticulously aligned with your operational processes. Its efficient features for cross-jurisdictional data sharing facilitate the linking and amalgamation of essential departmental data, thereby boosting both safety and productivity within your organization. Equipped with a robust and intuitive reporting tool, users can record all incident details directly on-site, with the ability to attach a variety of file formats to each incident report for enhanced context. Moreover, the system incorporates a comprehensive collection of State UCR forms, which optimize data entry by automatically drawing information from Incident and Arrest files. Alongside this, a diverse array of integrated audit reports plays a crucial role in preventing the submission of erroneous data, thereby safeguarding the accuracy of your records. Consequently, organizations utilizing this system can experience heightened compliance levels and improved operational efficiency, ultimately leading to better service delivery. By adopting such a sophisticated management system, organizations position themselves to adapt swiftly to evolving requirements and challenges in their operational landscape.

ImageTrend is an all-in-one platform designed for emergency response services, offering a suite of tools for managing incidents, reporting, and patient care. The software automates critical processes like ePCR incident documentation, fire-based EMS reporting, and billing, while ensuring compliance with major standards such as NFIRS, NEMSIS, and hospital regulations. With a focus on real-time data and post-incident analysis, ImageTrend empowers teams to improve patient care, streamline operations, and make data-driven decisions.

Raptor Emergency Management is an all-encompassing system designed to enhance emergency preparedness, response, and recovery initiatives. It optimizes the scheduling and monitoring of drills, making compliance tracking straightforward and efficient. With this application, users can effortlessly conduct and log mandatory emergency drills automatically. A centralized dashboard allows users to oversee compliance data at both district and school levels. Emergencies can be activated from mobile devices with a simple tap, facilitating immediate notifications to first responders. Furthermore, the platform includes crucial building maps and emergency protocols for quick reference. In the event of a crisis, it allows for rapid access to the whereabouts and status of all students and staff, ensuring everyone is accounted for in a matter of moments. The intuitive interface of Raptor is designed for ease of use, even in high-pressure situations, making it accessible for all users. New users can easily configure their devices by following a guided onboarding tour, which streamlines the setup process. This versatility guarantees that support can be rapidly mobilized for both minor incidents and significant emergencies across the entire campus, fostering a safer environment for all. Ultimately, Raptor Emergency Management empowers educational institutions to respond effectively and efficiently during times of crisis.

BlackBerry® AtHoc® is tailored to support government agencies in their efforts to be prepared for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and critical incidents. When crises arise, AtHoc facilitates the swift dissemination of vital information to both your team and the general public, ensuring that safety measures are upheld. The system’s robust security functions simplify the verification of safety across your entire organization, which alleviates confusion during emergencies. By using pre-set safety protocols and automatically sending updates from personnel's devices, you can access crucial real-time information that enables prompt decision-making. AtHoc® Alert offers a fast and secure way to notify staff, partner organizations, and the public about urgent situations through multiple communication methods. You can also track responses in real-time to ensure that your messages reach their intended recipients effectively. Furthermore, with AtHoc® Connect, you can collaborate securely with various public and private organizations to coordinate emergency responses while controlling alert distribution, which promotes a cohesive strategy for crisis management. This all-encompassing system not only boosts situational awareness but also significantly enhances the overall efficacy of emergency preparedness initiatives, making it an essential tool for modern crisis management. Ultimately, the integration of such a platform can lead to more resilient communities capable of facing unforeseen challenges.

Our platform carefully monitors potential threats and evaluates risk levels, enabling leaders and operators to make crucial informed decisions when timing is essential. Instead of wading through an overwhelming amount of data to glean actionable threat intelligence, we focus on creating a framework that transforms human insights into models that can tackle complex security issues. Through the use of sophisticated analytics, we systematically assess and prioritize the most urgent threat indicators, ensuring they are communicated to the relevant stakeholders without delay. Furthermore, we have crafted a well-integrated suite of web and mobile applications that empowers users to efficiently manage their key assets and coordinate incident responses. This all comes together in our Haystax Analytics Platform, which can be deployed both on-premises and in the cloud, specifically designed for proactive threat detection, improved situational awareness, and efficient information sharing. By collaborating with us, you can learn more about how our cutting-edge solutions can enhance the security of your organization while adapting to ever-evolving threats.

Noggin stands out as a frontrunner in safety and security technology with its advanced cloud-based software platform. This award-winning platform employs a comprehensive all-hazards strategy for managing safety and security, equipping users with essential tools to make well-informed decisions and effectively respond to incidents of any scale. Furthermore, Noggin's software encompasses a variety of solutions, including crisis management, business continuity, environmental health and safety, emergency management, security management, and case management, ensuring a holistic approach to organizational safety. Ultimately, the versatility of Noggin's offerings empowers organizations to enhance their resilience in the face of diverse challenges.

Veoci's no-code platform empowers you to maintain control, whether you're strategizing for the future or managing daily operations. As a frontrunner in crisis management, emergency response, and business continuity solutions, Veoci can be tailored to meet the specific demands of your organization and its teams. Are you ready for the next significant challenge? The past year has taught us invaluable lessons about the importance of being prepared for the unforeseen. Ensuring the safety of both business and community hinges on our ability to be proactive and respond swiftly. Veoci's user-friendly design allows for rapid deployment, and its exceptional customer support ensures you can start using it right away. Crafted by dedicated experts and practitioners, this emergency management software is designed to facilitate your team's efforts in assisting those in need. It eliminates the frustrations of complex interfaces and system failures that can hinder their support work. With its straightforward usability, quick implementation, and constant accessibility, Veoci stands out as an essential tool for any organization aiming to enhance its emergency preparedness and response capabilities. Embrace the power of Veoci and transform the way you manage crises.

Everbridge's Crisis Management tool integrates flawlessly with the Critical Event Management (CEM) Platform, delivering a holistic approach to maintaining business continuity, overseeing disaster recovery, and enabling effective emergency communication. This cohesive application empowers crisis management teams to coordinate response efforts, personnel, and resources more effectively, ultimately improving recovery times when unexpected events arise. By linking all essential stakeholders through one platform, organizations can execute their response strategies with precision and without missing critical details. In contrast to inflexible response plans that struggle to cope with the unpredictable dynamics of real-world crises, the Crisis Management solution offers a collaborative operational perspective for all participants, turning static procedures into adaptable tasks that can evolve in the face of new challenges. Additionally, ensuring smooth coordination among remote teams and field responders during a crisis often requires substantial manual intervention, which can hinder prompt recovery; hence, an integrated system greatly simplifies this effort. This functionality not only enhances the efficiency of emergency responses but also empowers organizations to confront crises with assurance and nimbleness, ultimately leading to better outcomes in challenging situations. As a result, the ability to adapt to rapidly changing circumstances can make a significant difference in an organization’s overall resilience.

An all-encompassing incident and emergency management system is crafted for both standard operations and crisis situations. This command, control, and communication (C3) structure utilizes cutting-edge data analytics combined with social and mobile technologies to improve the coordination and integration of preparation, response, recovery, and mitigation for various incidents, emergencies, and disasters. IBM partners with governmental bodies and public safety organizations worldwide to implement pioneering public safety technological solutions. The effective strategies for preparation employ the same tools used for everyday community incidents, facilitating a smooth transition into crisis management. This familiarity empowers first responders and C3 teams to act quickly and intuitively across different stages of response, recovery, and mitigation without needing specialized documentation or systems. Additionally, this incident and emergency management approach consolidates and organizes multiple information sources into a dynamic, nearly real-time geospatial framework that provides a cohesive operational perspective for all parties involved. As a result, it significantly boosts situational awareness and promotes more effective communication during critical occurrences, ultimately contributing to improved public safety outcomes. This innovative system not only enhances response efficiency but also builds stronger community resilience in the face of disasters.

CIM functions as a comprehensive and flexible management system aimed at tackling quality, safety, and emergency readiness, customized to meet the unique needs of your organization. While it’s not feasible to eliminate every potential risk, being strategically prepared enables you to confront any challenges that may surface. When unexpected incidents arise, it becomes too late to develop a response, highlighting the importance of taking proactive steps. Although completely avoiding critical situations is impossible, robust preparedness can greatly lessen the potential fallout, ensuring that impacted individuals receive the necessary support and that the organization can withstand adversity. Risks are an integral part of our lives and activities, affecting a significant portion of our everyday routines. Identifying the areas where it is practical and beneficial to reduce the probability or effect of these risks is vital. Preparedness means being ready for the unforeseen, and during a crisis, maintaining calmness and making sound decisions can be incredibly difficult. Thus, meticulous planning is crucial, complemented by the use of a dedicated tool that can assist you in steering through these challenging periods, ultimately boosting your organization's resilience. In addition, investing in continuous training and simulation exercises can further enhance your readiness and response capabilities.

The Global Incident Management Solution enhances safety protocols and bolsters resilience across diverse settings. This strategy simplifies the implementation of safety measures and enables organizations to function securely on a worldwide level, relying on reliable technology. By proficiently tracking team members and overseeing their travels, businesses can effectively mitigate risks, communicate vital information promptly, and allow employees to swiftly issue emergency notifications. With the advantage of real-time global visibility, users can effortlessly monitor all incidents and personnel through a centralized cloud-based interface. The accuracy of the information provided facilitates quick decision-making, regardless of the time or place of the incident. Additionally, the system guarantees rapid responses to critical situations, prioritizing the safety of personnel with a thoughtful approach to unexpected events. This functionality is crucial for meeting duty of care responsibilities and ensuring ongoing business operations, equipping organizations with the necessary resources to initiate appropriate responses and communicate effectively with all relevant stakeholders. In an increasingly fast-paced environment, having such an extensive solution is not merely beneficial; it has become essential for upholding operational integrity and ensuring long-term success in any organization. An effective incident management strategy can truly be a game changer in today's complex landscape.