Reviews and comparisons of the top Time Tracking software currently available
Time tracking software is a tool designed to monitor and record how employees spend their time during work hours. It allows users to log hours worked on specific tasks, projects, or clients, providing detailed insights into productivity and labor costs. Many platforms include features such as automated time entry, task categorization, and reporting to streamline time tracking processes. Advanced systems often integrate with payroll, project management, or billing software to automate invoicing and ensure accurate compensation. This software helps businesses identify inefficiencies, manage workloads, and ensure compliance with labor laws. By simplifying time management, time tracking software increases productivity, reduces administrative overhead, and supports better decision-making.
- Timesheet Management (423)
- Online Time Tracking (320)
- Mobile Time Tracking (314)
- Employee Database (308)
- Time per Project Reporting (300)
- Billable & Non-Billable Hours (292)
- Overtime Calculation (261)
- Billing & Invoicing (253)
- Multiple Billing Rates (251)
- Vacation / Leave Tracking (251)
- Automatic Time Capture (248)
- Offline Time Tracking (242)
- Expense Tracking (201)
- Vacation/Leave Tracking (1)
Sort By:
-
1
QuickBooks Payroll
Intuit
Streamline payroll with effortless automation and integrated solutions.Optimize your team's payment processes by utilizing advanced tools, employee benefits, and professional assistance offered by a top-tier online payroll service provider. You can manage payroll while enjoying access to comprehensive HR and employee resources all in one user-friendly platform. Once you have completed your payroll setup, you will be able to pay your employees automatically and effortlessly. Our service takes care of calculating, filing, and managing your payroll taxes, ensuring accuracy and compliance. With our free same-day direct deposit options, you can enjoy the advantage of retaining your cash for a longer period. Moreover, you can manage employee benefits and services directly from your payroll account, providing you with greater control and convenience. The direct deposit feature also allows for greater flexibility in determining when your team gets paid. Your time tracking data integrates smoothly into your account, making it easy to approve timesheets, process payments, and create invoices right from your mobile device. By automating your payroll tasks, you can save significant time, and with Auto Payroll enabled, you will receive timely alerts to help you manage your account effectively. This ensures that you can dedicate more energy to growing your business while having peace of mind about your payroll responsibilities. With such an integrated approach, your payroll management becomes not just easier but also much more efficient, allowing you to focus on your core objectives without unnecessary distractions. -
2
Connecteam is a comprehensive mobile application tailored for employees who work outside of traditional desk environments. It offers essential tools for overseeing and coordinating field staff, featuring options for communication, workflow management, scheduling, and time tracking. With just a few simple clicks, you can unify your mobile workforce. The desktop Launchpad enables seamless collaboration, operational management, skill development, and employee engagement monitoring. In no time, you can design a fully-branded mobile app for your organization, incorporating elements like safety checklists, orientation programs, product catalogs, and shift management features. Additionally, you have the flexibility to personalize the app's functionalities to meet your specific requirements. You can also analyze team interactions with company resources, allowing you to identify areas for improvement and enhance efficiency. Connecteam empowers both managers and employees to streamline their processes, enabling a greater focus on growth. The platform supports various integrations, including Google Calendar, Gusto, QuickBooks Payroll, Xero, and more, ensuring a seamless experience for users. Ultimately, this all-in-one solution is designed to enhance productivity and engagement among non-desk employees.
-
3
Nostra
Nostra
Streamline operations and boost productivity with effortless tracking.Reduce administrative expenses by utilizing Nostra's simple system for time tracking and approvals. This allows users to accurately see how their staff spends time in relation to scheduled plans. Additionally, this capability offers valuable insights into overall company performance, empowering users to make informed strategic decisions that foster business growth. Our platform encompasses various modules such as staffing, time tracking, sales pipeline management, milestone tracking, role management, and comprehensive reporting features for enhanced operational efficiency. By integrating these tools, businesses can streamline their processes and improve productivity. -
4
ClickTime
ClickTime
Streamline projects, optimize budgets, and enhance productivity effortlessly!Reduce costs, enhance clarity in your projects, and keep your budget in check with ease—thanks to user-friendly timesheets! ClickTime simplifies the process of managing and planning employee hours, enabling you to monitor time from any device, promptly authorize time entries, and utilize dashboards to manage budgets and distribute employee workload. Whether you’re predicting project costs or analyzing previous outcomes, ClickTime provides real-time insights into your operations. Instantly identify which projects are exceeding or falling short of their budgets, gain a clear understanding of team availability, expenses, and overall productivity, and effortlessly manage timesheet approvals, leave requests, and billable hours. This streamlined approach not only saves time but also empowers you to make informed decisions for future projects. -
5
Timogix
Timogix
Streamline expenses and time tracking effortlessly for $3!Experience an advanced time and expense solution for just $3.00 per user, packed with features like approvals, expense tracking, notifications, invoicing, and timers. Get started in mere minutes and streamline your processes effortlessly. Discover the benefits of Timogix today! -
6
ALMobile
Austin Lane Technologies
Streamline your field data for seamless project management!Prepare for the future of AI! Ensure your field data is precise, well-organized, and ready for action. ALMobile streamlines and consolidates your field data management and payroll functions, providing smooth connectivity for your project team. Effortlessly monitor employee hours, attendance, and project specifics—whether in the field or at the office. Say goodbye to the disarray of fragmented data and concentrate on what truly matters with ALMobile's sophisticated reporting tools, seamlessly integrated with your primary accounting software. Gain access to real-time, customizable insights about projects and employees that are both accurate and simple to analyze. Embrace a more efficient way of working with ALMobile—leave behind paper, spreadsheets, and outdated systems once and for all! With ALMobile, you can elevate your operational efficiency and drive better outcomes for your projects. -
7
Journyx
Journyx
Streamline time tracking, payroll, and project management seamlessly.Journyx offers a robust time tracking solution tailored for businesses that require precise and effortless monitoring of employee hours for projects, invoicing, and payroll management. With Journyx, you have access to all the essential tools for enhancing project oversight, invoicing, payroll processing, regulatory adherence, and financial management. Looking to integrate with your ERP systems and payroll providers? Journyx seamlessly connects with leading platforms such as Microsoft Dynamics, Sage Intacct, Oracle NetSuite, QuickBooks, ADP, and others! The software also features custom elements like a mobile application, automated data validation, comprehensive analytics and reporting, AI-enhanced timesheets, and streamlined approval workflows to help you manage complex processes, enabling your team to concentrate on more lucrative endeavors. Key offerings from Journyx include: * Tracking of time, expenses, and equipment based on projects, along with an optional resource management module * Time and attendance solutions, featuring web-based, mobile, and biometric time clock options Reach out to Journyx to discover more about their capabilities. -
8
Streamline your time tracking processes to enhance both efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The employee time tracking software is designed to monitor payroll, billing, productivity, and much more. With a focus on productivity and profitability, eBillity's Time Tracker was developed to make employee timekeeping straightforward for billing and payroll purposes. The platform offers flexible add-ons and customizable features, enabling you to adjust your account as your business expands. By doing so, you can minimize administrative burdens, boost accountability, and prevent time theft. This not only leads to increased profitability but also fosters stronger client relationships and simplifies tax preparation. You can analyze the effectiveness of your projects, employees, and clients with ease. Crafted with care, the software is user-friendly and provides precise billing and payroll for clients. Additionally, eBillity's time-tracking solution allows employees to log their time effortlessly from any device they have at their disposal, ensuring convenience and accuracy in tracking work hours. In a world where time is money, investing in such software can transform the way your business operates and thrives.
-
9
actiTIME is a time management solution designed for organizations aiming to reduce the complexities of time tracking while enabling informed decision-making based on data. This platform allows you to oversee time, projects, teams, and client interactions all in one place, facilitating the monitoring of work hours, employee leave, team efficiency, project expenses, and profitability among other features. You can opt for either cloud-based or on-premises software, and can track time through an online timesheet, a browser extension, or a mobile application. With over 10,000 businesses, including notable names like DHL, Huawei, Philips, Xerox, and the University of Bristol, utilizing this tool, you can experience its benefits firsthand by starting a free 30-day trial that doesn’t require a credit card. Additionally, actiTIME’s user-friendly interface is designed to streamline your operations and enhance productivity across the board.
-
10
TimeControl
HMS Software
Streamline your projects and finances with effortless time tracking.TimeControl is a versatile timesheet solution designed for finance and project management. Its multifunctional design allows it to cater to various needs simultaneously. The system meticulously tracks time on a task-by-task and project-by-project basis. While it excels in project management, it also serves as a comprehensive financial timesheet, satisfying all payroll, human resource, billing, and finance requirements. Users can access TimeControl through a subscription model in the cloud or opt for an on-premise installation. Additionally, it offers a user-friendly browser interface along with a dedicated TimeControl Mobile App compatible with both iOS and Android devices, ensuring flexibility and convenience for users on the go. This combination of features makes it an ideal choice for businesses aiming to enhance their time management processes. -
11
Insightful
Insightful
Transforming workforce data into actionable insights for success.Insightful is a groundbreaking workforce analytics platform that has the potential to fundamentally change how organizations oversee and enhance employee performance. Our commitment lies in delivering state-of-the-art solutions that help businesses realize the full capabilities of their workforce, allowing them to make informed, data-driven choices that foster growth and achievement. Designed to convert unprocessed data into practical insights, Insightful serves as a holistic workforce analytics tool. Its robust capabilities for data gathering and analysis empower organizations to thoroughly understand their workforce dynamics, uncover trends, and make strategic decisions that boost employee productivity and engagement. The extensive features of Insightful encompass activity and time tracking, data collection, analysis, visualization, and reporting, all of which provide vital insights for human resources, talent acquisition, and executive leadership teams. By leveraging these insights, companies can maximize the effectiveness of their office-based, hybrid, and remote teams, ultimately creating a more cohesive and productive work environment. In doing so, organizations position themselves to thrive in an increasingly competitive landscape. -
12
BambooHR is a highly regarded HR solution designed to assist expanding organizations in streamlining, consolidating, and linking their employee information in a single platform. This comprehensive tool serves as a central hub for managing data, recruiting new talent, processing payroll, and facilitating employee development. By utilizing BambooHR, companies can enhance their operational efficiency and improve workforce management.
-
13
The Planfix platform empowers organizations to oversee their complete business operations online. No matter the size or sector of the company, Planfix serves as an exceptional tool for project and work management. This platform provides your organization with a highly customizable management system, allowing for tailored process designs and visual elements to suit your needs. Combining features such as task and project management, CRM, sales, marketing, production, logistics, support services, accounting, and human resources, Planfix offers a comprehensive solution that integrates various aspects of business operations. Data flows smoothly between teams, ensuring that a transaction at the implementation phase can seamlessly evolve into a project and then be handed over to support. Planfix is ideal for a diverse range of entities, including businesses, non-profit organizations, public associations, and any collective striving towards a mutual goal. With the trust of 7,724 companies, it streamlines business workflows for over 68,000 users, enhancing efficiency and collaboration across the board. The versatility and robustness of the Planfix platform make it a valuable asset for any organization aiming to improve its operational effectiveness.
-
14
OrangeHRM
Transform HR management with powerful, accessible, open-source solutions.OrangeHRM delivers an exceptional HRIS experience, equipping you and your team with all the necessary tools to excel in your HR roles. From monitoring PTO to conducting performance evaluations, this comprehensive software allows for seamless management of your HR functions in a single platform. With a global reputation, OrangeHRM is the go-to HR management solutions provider for countless businesses around the globe. Accessible to everyone, whether you're part of a burgeoning startup or a large multinational corporation, our free and open-source HR software simplifies HR management with essential features including: - Employee Management - PTO/Leave Management - Reports & Analytics - Performance Management - HR Administration - Recruitment (ATS) - Time Tracking - Mobile App Understanding the challenges faced by HR professionals, OrangeHRM was designed with their needs in mind. By offering a robust HR software solution at no cost, our aim was to extend the advantages of HR technology to all. The principle of 'HR for All' has guided us since our inception, empowering HR teams worldwide to make a significant impact. You can choose to utilize the OrangeHRM Starter edition either in the cloud or by downloading it for self-hosting, giving you the flexibility to select the setup that best suits your organization. This commitment to user choice further emphasizes our dedication to supporting HR professionals in their critical roles. -
15
Odoo is a highly customizable and open-source software solution that features a wide array of professionally crafted business applications. With its user-friendly database, Odoo addresses various business requirements, encompassing areas such as CRM, Sales, Projects, Manufacturing, Inventory, and Accounting. This versatile software is suitable for businesses of all sizes and budgets, making it an ideal choice for diverse company needs. The cohesive design of Odoo enhances operational efficiency and helps businesses save valuable time. Each module is designed to work harmoniously, providing a fluid experience as users navigate from one application to another. Automation capabilities allow users to streamline numerous tasks that would typically require manual entry across various systems. Odoo fosters collaboration among team members by consolidating all critical business functions onto a single platform, which ultimately enhances productivity and organization within the company. Furthermore, its adaptability ensures that businesses can continually evolve and tailor the system to their changing requirements.
-
16
When I Work
When I Work
Effortlessly streamline scheduling and enhance team communication today!When I Work simplifies the process for businesses to manage scheduling, monitor attendance, and engage with hourly workers. Through its complimentary apps available on both iOS and Android, employers can effortlessly oversee each employee's schedule and clock-in times. Moreover, it enables the tracking of employee availability and requested time off, while facilitating shift swaps with minimal effort. By integrating seamlessly with your payroll system, it enhances efficiency and minimizes the risk of human error in your operations. This tool ultimately streamlines workforce management and fosters better communication within teams. -
17
The Kantata Professional Services Cloud, which was previously referred to as the Mavenlink Industry Cloud for Professional Services, represents a robust suite of tools aimed at operational management, resource optimization, and business insights, combining integration capabilities with workflow automation to enhance overall efficiency. This comprehensive solution is designed to improve operational performance while helping businesses optimize their resources effectively. By employing a resource-first architecture, it enables service-oriented companies to assemble the most capable teams and track their progress against established budgets and timelines, ensuring projects are executed smoothly, reliably, and profitably. Furthermore, the Kantata Professional Services Cloud is specifically tailored for agencies and professional service firms with employee counts ranging from 50 to over 5000. Serving as the core of your business, Kantata addresses daily challenges in resource management with its cutting-edge optimization features, utilizing advanced algorithms and analytics to tackle complex business issues that were once deemed insurmountable. With this innovative platform, organizations can not only streamline their operations but also unlock new avenues for growth and efficiency.
-
18
Lucca
Lucca
Streamline your HR processes with tailored, user-friendly solutions.By utilizing effective HR software, you can enhance your work efficiency. Lucca's innovative HR software transforms traditional spreadsheets into dynamic online services, streamlining your internal management processes. With a selection of 11 distinct administrative and HR software programs, Lucca customizes solutions to meet your unique requirements, enabling you to build a personalized HRIS. A straightforward HR software program proves to be more effective than a complex one, as it specifically addresses targeted needs. Each product offered by Lucca is designed to tackle particular HR management challenges. The value of software is not solely determined by the number of features it offers. Consequently, we evaluate both the advantages and intricacies of a feature prior to its development by considering the perspective of the ultimate user. In the software design process, our primary focus is always on the end-users—those who will rely on our solutions daily. Our objective is to simplify their tasks and improve their experience. Additionally, Lucca's solutions can seamlessly integrate with various accounting, ERP, and traditional payroll systems, further enhancing their functionality and convenience for users. This holistic approach ensures that every aspect of the software is carefully crafted to maximize user satisfaction and operational efficiency. -
19
Ubeya
Ubeya
Transforming temporary employment with seamless management and engagement.Ubeya offers an efficient solution for tracking time specifically designed for organizations that employ temporary and shift-based personnel. Whether you're coordinating staff for events, managing security teams, working in hospitality, or directing large projects, Ubeya guarantees precise time tracking, live attendance oversight, and smooth payroll processing. Equipped with mobile clock-in and clock-out features, GPS location verification, and automated timesheets, managers can easily monitor employee hours while minimizing discrepancies and time theft. Employees have the convenience of tracking their shifts, promoting transparency and adherence to labor laws. Leveraging AI-driven automation, Ubeya enhances scheduling and workforce distribution, enabling companies to operate more efficiently, lessen administrative burdens, and ensure accurate accounting for every hour worked. -
20
Project management has reached a high level of efficiency, and Zoho Projects, a cloud-based software solution, enhances this by enabling effective planning and tracking of your work. With the ability to collaborate with your team from any location, you can ensure that your projects stay on schedule by organizing activities, allocating tasks, managing resources, and enhancing teamwork. Utilizing Gantt charts within Zoho Projects allows you to develop a comprehensive project plan while monitoring task progress. This software not only helps you keep an eye on crucial tasks and their interdependencies but also alerts you to any discrepancies from your intended timeline. By minimizing the time spent on repetitive activities, Zoho Projects streamlines your workflow, making it user-friendly regardless of the complexity of your processes. Its intuitive drag-and-drop interface simplifies the creation and implementation of new automations. Additionally, the Projects timesheet feature enables you to log both billable and non-billable hours, accurately capturing every moment of your labor through manual entries or timers. Furthermore, its seamless integration with Zoho Invoice facilitates effortless invoice generation, ensuring that all your hard work is properly compensated. This comprehensive approach to project management not only enhances productivity but also fosters better communication within your team.
-
21
Ravetree, a highly acclaimed work management software, enables teams to enhance their productivity, access information more readily, and complete tasks more swiftly than any competing solutions. This platform streamlines the management of resources, projects, and creative processes in a unified space. With Ravetree, users can seamlessly navigate through various applications to locate essential data without the hassle of dealing with unwieldy spreadsheets or redundant data entry. Ultimately, Ravetree simplifies the workflow, ensuring that teams can accomplish their objectives efficiently and effectively. It's a powerful tool that transforms how work gets done!
-
22
Trident 1
Trident 1
Empowering veterans, streamlining gun retail with excellence.As a business proudly owned by veterans and employing over 70% veterans, we are led by former Navy SEALS and honor our commitment to service as an Official Partner of the Navy SEAL Foundation and an Executive Sponsor of the SEAL Legacy Foundation. Trident 1 stands out as a leading point of sale solution tailored for gun retailers, providing essential tools for managing retail operations, processing payments, and fostering customer relationships. Recognized as the top provider of the first comprehensive FFL software specifically designed for the firearms retail sector, Trident 1 integrates all necessary systems into one streamlined solution, ultimately saving you both time and money. By simplifying your operations, Trident 1 allows you to concentrate on meeting your customers' needs effectively. Accessible from any device and location, this cloud-based software offers flexibility that modern retailers require. Our expertise spans retail sales, range management, compliance, industry-leading integrations, secure payment processing, and exceptional customer service, all delivered from the United States. In our dedication to excellence, we continuously seek to enhance the user experience and adapt to industry changes. -
23
Bordio is a software solution tailored for project management, aimed at assisting teams in organizing their projects and tasks with greater efficiency. This task management platform enables users to layout their team's weekly agenda using an interactive project planning calendar, prioritize activities through a kanban board, and set meeting reminders—all within a single cohesive system. Envision the simplicity of dragging and dropping tasks into your digital calendar, color-coding them for enhanced clarity on current priorities and forthcoming obligations. Need to arrange a meeting? You can easily do so within Bordio’s work board, simplifying your workflow by reducing the reliance on multiple applications. Furthermore, the platform allows for real-time communication within a task, ensuring that all discussions and documents remain organized and within easy reach. Bordio’s integration with Google Calendar further amplifies its capabilities by providing a consolidated view of all your schedules. This project management tool not only presents an economical option for thorough work management but also functions as both a team management software and a project tracker, facilitating the management of workloads, monitoring of progress, and ensuring timely project completion. With features such as the task tracker and team task planner, Bordio empowers users to oversee the advancement of each task effectively. In addition, the collaborative aspects of the platform foster a more engaged and productive team environment.
-
24
Monitask
Monitask
Boost productivity and morale with smart team insights!🚀 Elevate Your Team's Efficiency to New Heights! 🚀 Presenting the ultimate solution to enhance productivity in today’s work environment. Whether your team excels in the office, operates remotely, or thrives in a hybrid setup, we have the perfect tools for you. 📊 What's included? Intelligent Time Tracking: Automatic clock-in/out functionality to eliminate those "I forgot" moments! Random Screenshots: Catch those sneaky social media scrolling sessions. Web Monitoring: Determine if team members are diligently working or... "working" 😉 Live Performance Dashboard: Monitor who is excelling at their tasks. Stealth Mode: Discreet observation for maximum effectiveness. Ideal for: Startups, agencies, freelancers, and major corporations alike. 💡 What makes it remarkable: Transform productivity metrics into team strengths. Identify inefficiencies in workflows and eliminate them. Maintain ethics: Employee privacy respected while you gain valuable insights. 🕵️ Stealth Mode: Our discreet feature allows you to witness genuine work patterns, akin to having a productivity oracle! 🔒 Top-tier security measures in place. We prioritize safety so you can focus on results. Are you ready to turn your team into champions of productivity? Let's get started! 🦸♂️🦸♀️ Plus, watch as morale soars when everyone feels empowered to perform their best. -
25
DATABASICS Time & Expense
DATABASICS
Streamline Time and Expense Management for Decentralized Teams.DATABASICS is dedicated to tackling the complex challenges associated with Time and Expense management for both large and small organizations that have decentralized teams. By merging two top-notch tracking systems into a single platform, we effectively streamline two essential business functions within one comprehensive solution. Our system is designed to integrate effortlessly with any existing software or applications, making configuration and reporting straightforward. Additionally, we offer customization options to tailor the solution specifically to your requirements, with implementation completed in as little as one month. This ensures that businesses can quickly adapt to their unique operational needs.
Time Tracking Software Buyers Guide
Time tracking software is a tool designed to monitor and record the time employees spend on various tasks, projects, or activities within an organization. This software is essential for managing productivity, ensuring accurate billing, and enhancing overall project management. By providing detailed insights into how time is allocated and spent, time tracking software helps organizations optimize their workflows, improve efficiency, and make data-driven decisions.
Key Features
Time tracking software comes equipped with several key features that support effective time management and reporting:
-
Time Logging: Allows users to log their time manually or automatically. This can include clocking in and out, tracking time by project or task, and capturing breaks.
-
Timesheet Management: Provides tools for creating, submitting, and approving timesheets. Enables managers to review and validate time entries before processing payroll.
-
Reporting and Analytics: Offers various reporting capabilities to analyze time data. This includes generating reports on time spent by project, employee productivity, and billable versus non-billable hours.
-
Integration with Payroll and Billing: Integrates with payroll systems to automate wage calculations based on tracked hours. Also supports billing integration for generating invoices based on time tracked on client projects.
-
Expense Tracking: Often includes features for tracking and managing expenses related to time-tracked activities. Helps in ensuring that all project-related costs are captured and accounted for.
-
Mobile and Remote Access: Provides mobile apps or web-based access for tracking time from anywhere. This is particularly useful for remote teams or employees who are frequently on the go.
-
Project and Task Management: Enables users to categorize time entries by project or task. Helps in understanding where time is being invested and identifying areas for improvement.
Benefits of Time Tracking Software
Implementing time tracking software offers several advantages for organizations:
-
Increased Productivity: By providing visibility into how time is spent, organizations can identify inefficiencies and streamline workflows. This can lead to improved productivity and better use of time.
-
Accurate Billing and Payroll: Ensures that clients are billed correctly based on the actual time spent on their projects and that employees are paid accurately for their work hours. Reduces errors and disputes related to billing and payroll.
-
Better Project Management: Provides insights into time allocation across projects, helping managers to allocate resources more effectively and make informed decisions about project planning and execution.
-
Enhanced Accountability: Helps employees stay accountable for their time by tracking and documenting their work activities. Encourages more focused and efficient use of time.
-
Data-Driven Insights: Offers valuable data and analytics that can be used to make informed decisions about resource allocation, project planning, and overall business strategy.
Challenges and Considerations
While time tracking software provides many benefits, there are also challenges and considerations to keep in mind:
-
Privacy Concerns: Employees may have concerns about the monitoring of their time and activities. It is important to address these concerns and ensure that tracking is transparent and respects privacy.
-
User Adoption: Ensuring that all employees use the software consistently and accurately can be a challenge. Proper training and clear communication about the benefits of time tracking are crucial.
-
Integration Issues: Integrating time tracking software with other systems, such as payroll or project management tools, can be complex and may require customization.
-
Data Accuracy: The effectiveness of time tracking software depends on the accuracy of the data entered. Inaccurate time entries can lead to incorrect billing, payroll errors, and misleading reports.
In summary, time tracking software is a vital tool for managing time, improving productivity, and ensuring accurate billing and payroll. By offering features for time logging, reporting, and integration with other systems, it helps organizations optimize their operations and make better decisions based on detailed time data. While challenges such as privacy concerns and user adoption need to be addressed, the benefits of implementing time tracking software can significantly enhance organizational efficiency and effectiveness.