Top Anduin Data Room Alternatives

Dynamo brings together all the essential tools for alternative investment management into one adaptable platform. Our modules are built on a unified technology stack, creating a centralized and automated solution for private equity, venture capital, real estate, infrastructure, hedge funds, endowments, pensions, foundations, prime brokers, fund of funds, family offices, and fund administrators. By automating manual tasks with customizable dashboards, workflows, and reporting, Dynamo reduces your operational load. This frees up your team to focus on the insights and relationships that drive success. Our experienced Client Services and Support team is dedicated to ensuring you achieve lasting excellence, helping you tailor the platform to your unique business needs. This commitment to client success is a core part of what sets Dynamo apart.

Firmex data rooms enable a greater number of transactions, due diligence activities, and compliance workflows than any other solution available. Annually, more than 20,000 new data rooms are launched, with countless organizations depending on Firmex to oversee their most sensitive projects and operations. The platform's secure and powerful data rooms, along with top-tier customer support, ensure that you maintain full control over your essential documents. Firmex provides various pricing options, which include unlimited subscriptions for data rooms as well as transaction-based pricing. Fully compliant with SOC 2, GDPR, and HIPAA regulations, Firmex also offers features such as single sign-on (SSO), API integrations, and redaction capabilities, ensuring a comprehensive solution for managing sensitive information. With its user-friendly interface and robust security measures, Firmex stands out as a leading choice for businesses looking to streamline their data management processes.

Enhance your investment processing while remaining compliant by utilizing an all-in-one platform designed specifically for private capital raising and tailored for users. In under half an hour, you can customize your platform, establish an offering, and design an optimal user experience that caters to both investor and organizational requirements. With data-driven targeting, you can significantly reduce prospecting time, automate personalized engagement marketing, and conduct investor compliance checks with just one click. Is your legacy data cluttered and outdated? Our skilled engineers will streamline and transfer your legacy data to your new platform during the onboarding process, facilitating quicker deal closures. Furthermore, you can take advantage of our API and webhook features to integrate all necessary services that pave the way for your success, ensuring a smoother operational flow and better connectivity. This comprehensive approach not only saves time but also enhances overall efficiency and effectiveness in your investment strategies.

SecureDocs Virtual Data Room provides a platform for the safe sharing and storage of sensitive documents. It is designed to be budget-friendly, secure, and user-friendly. Companies worldwide rely on SecureDocs for various purposes, including mergers and acquisitions, licensing agreements, strategic collaborations, and long-term secure document management. Established in Santa Barbara, California, SecureDocs, Inc. was founded by the team behind several popular software solutions like GoToMeeting, GoToMyPC, AppFolio, RightScale, and others, underscoring their expertise in the field. With its strong reputation, SecureDocs continues to serve as a trusted resource for businesses needing dependable document security.

Flow's open architecture establishes a vital link between investment managers, their limited partners, and a variety of service providers. The platform features an extensive array of integrated solutions such as virtual data rooms, investor onboarding, and investor portals, collectively simplifying the management of limited partner relationships across the entire investment lifecycle. By enabling secure document exchanges and streamlining the onboarding experience with digital fund subscriptions, Flow acts as a centralized hub for fund reporting and communication. Its adaptable API and open-architecture technology facilitate smooth integration with external vendors, greatly enhancing operational efficiency. Trust is placed in Flow by over 20,000 limited partners and more than 300 private investment firms, all seeking to improve the limited partner experience by reducing operational burdens and encouraging more robust engagement among stakeholders. Furthermore, Flow guarantees that every fund stakeholder has access to a unified source of truth for critical fund reporting, documentation, and communication, which amplifies its significance in the investment domain. This all-encompassing strategy not only boosts transparency but also fortifies the overall relationships between all parties involved. Ultimately, this interconnected approach cultivates a more collaborative environment that benefits everyone engaged in the investment process.

Overcoming data sharing challenges requires a practical solution. The Prism Virtual Data Room offers an intuitive and secure environment for sharing documents and data, guaranteeing that users benefit from exceptional performance and security, specifically designed to meet the intricate needs of financial institutions working in private equity and venture capital. By utilizing Prism, organizations can quickly and efficiently share confidential information, which enhances the management of due diligence activities, the creation of deal rooms for mergers and acquisitions, capital raising efforts, investor reporting, and smooth communication among board members. Tailored for the private markets, Prism integrates effortlessly with iLEVEL, our leading software for tracking private investment portfolios, simplifying permission management and access to data. Additionally, Prism significantly boosts the speed and security of sharing vital information with investors, limited partners, and other key stakeholders, regardless of whether it pertains to fundraising initiatives or fund reporting obligations. This cutting-edge solution not only promotes enhanced collaboration but also increases overall efficiency when navigating sensitive financial transactions, ultimately leading to better outcomes for all parties involved. Therefore, adopting such innovative technology is crucial for maintaining a competitive edge in today's fast-paced financial landscape.

A key goal for any private equity firm is to enhance the connections between general partners and limited partners, ultimately delivering a better experience for investors through efficient, clear, and streamlined processes. ShareSecure emerges as the leading engagement platform tailored specifically for investor relations, featuring a virtual data room that creates a secure space for interactions between GPs and LPs. This platform enables users to upload investment documents and distribute multimedia content, such as recorded webinars and video presentations designed for the purposes of fundraising. Furthermore, it accelerates investor interactions by incorporating the convenience of digital signatures. It also supports the management of all essential documents from start to finish, ensuring accuracy for investors while maintaining compliance with regulatory standards. ShareSecure is an advanced virtual data room that simplifies the creation, monitoring, and auditing of materials aimed at investors, providing a top-notch LP portal experience. By offering a comprehensive solution, it allows your investors to effortlessly access the information they need at any moment, thereby enhancing your firm's reputation and effectiveness in managing investor relations. In this ever-evolving landscape, having a reliable platform like ShareSecure is crucial for fostering long-term partnerships and increasing overall investor satisfaction.

Ellty is a secure document sharing platform with data rooms and page-by-page analytics. Built for fundraising, M&A, and client deliverables. Track engagement, control access, and close deals faster.

Plox is a cutting-edge virtual data room solution driven by AI, specifically designed for startups, investors, and dealmakers, offering a secure platform that allows for the confident sharing and tracking of sensitive documents. With no limits on data rooms and document uploads, Plox guarantees that your growth won't be hampered by any constraints. Its advanced security features include OTP-verified email access, password protection, allowlists, dynamic watermarks, and download restrictions, all aimed at protecting your valuable information. The platform also boasts powerful analytics tools that allow you to track exactly who accesses your files, the duration of their interactions on each page, and their specific areas of interest. Plox AI elevates the user experience by analyzing pitch decks to generate hooks, bios, and executive summaries automatically, while also aggregating vital metrics such as MRR, ARR, ROI, and revenue into an interactive dashboard accompanied by growth graphs. Furthermore, Plox offers customizable branding options and dynamic data room presentations, providing real-time insights into user engagement that streamline the fundraising and deal execution processes, making them faster, smarter, and more transparent while ensuring the utmost protection of your essential documents. This comprehensive approach to data management not only safeguards your information but also evolves alongside your business's changing demands, ensuring continuous support as you navigate the complexities of growth and investment.

Orangedox allows you to effortlessly establish virtual data rooms that synchronize directly with your Google Drive folders with just one click. Safeguard your documents from unauthorized sharing or forwarding while keeping a record of each time they are accessed. This platform simplifies the management of financial due diligence, fundraising efforts, investor relations, and investment oversight. Users can create an unlimited number of files and storage spaces, while sharing access with up to 500 participants in each room. Key Distinctions The integration with Google Drive is seamless: You can create data rooms directly from your existing Google Drive folders, ensuring that your rooms are continuously updated in sync with your Google Drive. There is no need to transfer files to another application, and it is also compatible with Google Workspace, allowing you to remain within the familiar environment of Google Drive or Gmail for all your needs. This level of convenience makes Orangedox a highly efficient choice for managing sensitive information.

PactCentral provides a dependable virtual data room solution that ensures the secure storage and exchange of sensitive documents across various business environments, including mergers and acquisitions, initial public offerings, fundraising, bankruptcy, board activities, audits, and reporting. From the outset, you can boost your productivity with PactCentral's intuitive interface and attractive pricing model. This cloud-based system allows for the digital storage and sharing of confidential data with external parties globally. By adopting a virtual data room, organizations can eliminate the inefficiencies associated with physical meetings and the tedious exchange of paper documents, which frequently result in delays and challenges in tracking. PactCentral empowers users to oversee multiple projects effortlessly within a single platform, taking advantage of convenient one-click project and user management features. Additionally, there's no requirement for extra plugins or downloads, as files can be easily accessed via a web browser, enhancing operational efficiency for all participants. This contemporary method of document management not only conserves time but also simplifies the complexities often found in traditional processes, making it an indispensable tool for modern businesses. Overall, PactCentral serves as an essential resource for organizations looking to streamline their documentation workflows.

Aversure provides a reliable, cost-effective, and easy-to-navigate virtual data room solution tailored for mergers and acquisitions as well as real estate deals, based in Stockholm, Sweden. This sophisticated service is designed to facilitate transactions and fund reporting while incorporating top-notch security protocols, all while prioritizing a seamless user experience. Users will appreciate the organized files and folders displayed within an interface that mirrors the typical layout of a conventional file browser. The Aversure Data Room Service is accessible through any web browser on various devices including computers, tablets, or smartphones, eliminating the need for extra plugins or software installations. Additionally, Aversure guarantees ongoing system maintenance, allowing users to focus on their primary tasks without distractions. For more information on the Aversure Data Room Service, you can refer to the fact sheets provided, which are tailored to meet the requirements of professionals and emphasize the essential features and advantages of the service. This ensures that users are well-informed and can make the most of what Aversure has to offer.

RCM’s Virtual Deal Rooms provide a reliable online environment for professionals in commercial real estate to oversee acquisitions, dispositions, asset portfolios, and fundraising efforts, guaranteeing the secure sharing and storage of sensitive information. The platform allows for the effortless distribution of confidential documents both within organizations and across professional networks, with users able to access these materials anytime, anywhere, and on any device, all while benefiting from stringent security protocols that ensure compliance and comprehensive auditability with bank-level safeguards. Since its launch in 1999, Real Capital Markets has positioned itself as the leading provider of virtual data room services, catering to a diverse array of stakeholders in the commercial real estate field, including owners, brokers, lenders, equity partners, servicers, asset managers, attorneys, and title companies. RCM’s VDRs not only prioritize document security but also support a variety of functions within the commercial real estate industry, making them indispensable for professionals navigating this complex landscape. As the foremost platform for buying and selling commercial real estate, Real Capital Markets is committed to continuous innovation and improvement in the management of business transactions, further solidifying its reputation in the market. This ongoing dedication to enhancing user experience and data security ensures that clients can operate with confidence in a rapidly evolving commercial environment.

SECUDO Virtual Data Room is a dedicated service tailored for the secure management and exchange of large volumes of data and documents. It offers a fast and intuitive experience, enhancing the management of files during complex projects or financial dealings. Equipped with cutting-edge encryption and strong security protocols, SECUDO distinguishes itself in the competitive landscape. Positive endorsements from the Faculty of Cybernetics at the Military University of Technology highlight its commitment to maintaining high security standards. SECUDO VDR emphasizes the protection of data, documents, and users, providing above-average security measures. Furthermore, it features a wide array of tools, competitive pricing options, transparent cooperation terms, and no hidden charges. Specifically designed as a personalized resource for due diligence, it serves as an excellent option for enterprises that value dependability and effectiveness. By selecting SECUDO, you are making a wise investment in safeguarding your crucial documents for the future, ensuring peace of mind in your operations.

Enhance your engagements with clients and collaborators, protect your essential communications and sensitive files, and simplify labor-intensive processes. This solution is perfectly suited for legal professionals, financial advisors, accountants, corporate counsels, investment funds, and others in the industry. With an intuitive collaborative environment, premium functionalities, and strong security measures, Closd emerges as the premier data room solution on the market. Establish shared workspaces and invite clients and collaborators to participate effortlessly. Discover a transformative way to oversee your projects and transactions from start to finish, enabling you to focus on what you do best rather than getting bogged down in administrative tasks. Eliminate the hassle of tedious backtracking and Word-based checklists. Keep your partners informed with immediate updates on project developments, and improve your workflow by saving and reusing your established checklists. Significantly reduce the time spent on contract signings and closings, whether they occur in person or virtually. Utilize our smooth integrations with Docusign and Certeurope to access exclusive features that boost your efficiency and productivity. Step into a new era of transaction management and elevate your operational effectiveness today. By harnessing these innovative tools, you can truly redefine how you manage your professional transactions.

Peony functions as an all-in-one AI-powered platform for managing files, sharing them, and analyzing data, combining the capabilities of tools like Google Drive, DocSend, DocuSign, and Dropbox into a unified experience. It features a sleek file manager that enables users to preview multiple file formats, utilizes AI for automatic organization, and supports natural-language queries for quick document retrieval without the hassle of complex navigation. Users can customize their sharing settings to reflect their branding, including personalized domains and logos, while implementing strong security features such as password protection, link expiration, watermarks, and permissions management that includes options for preventing screenshots and enabling “burn after read” functionalities. Moreover, Peony offers eSignature capabilities with AI-assisted field auto-fill, an array of ready-to-use agreement templates like NDAs and contracts, along with thorough audit trails for tracking document interactions. The platform also includes secure "data rooms" tailored for purposes such as fundraising, negotiations, or client project documentation, providing insights into visitor behavior and detailed analytics on access patterns, duration of engagement, and geographical data. In addition, Peony fosters effective teamwork through specialized channels and direct messaging capabilities, promoting smooth communication among team members. This cutting-edge platform not only emphasizes a user-friendly experience but also upholds stringent standards of security and operational efficiency. With its innovative features, Peony stands out as an essential tool for modern file management and collaboration.

EthosData streamlines the process of finalizing your M&A, IPO, or fundraising transactions. To enhance your experience, EthosData provides a straightforward, secure, and efficient data room solution. With our acclaimed service, numerous stakeholders can seamlessly collaborate on sensitive information through user-friendly data rooms managed by our expert teams. Our virtual data room has facilitated over 100,000 transactions, contributing to deals totaling more than $900 billion. We prioritize your deal, ensuring that your documents receive our utmost attention throughout the process. Trust us to handle the complexities, allowing you to focus on achieving your financial goals.

Timeref is a secure virtual data room that boasts AFNOR NF 203 CCFN certification, guaranteeing the privacy of M&A activities and the reliability of documents shared on its platform. As the leading option for the safe exchange of sensitive information during mergers, acquisitions, and fundraising efforts, Timeref provides unlimited access to its data rooms. You can keep track of all activities within each data room through an extensive logs journal, which enables you to spot any unusual actions or gauge the interests of your visitors. Interact with your guests while ensuring security and confidentiality through a specialized Q&A feature that fosters engagement. Once the transaction is finalized, you can close the virtual data room, safely archiving all documents, folders, activity logs, Q&A interactions, and an index of the data room, thus securing everything in a digital vault for future use. This thorough strategy not only safeguards essential information but also offers reassurance for everyone involved in the transaction, enhancing trust and collaboration. With Timeref, you can confidently navigate the complexities of sensitive exchanges, knowing that your information is protected every step of the way.

The AGORA Trust Room is trusted by over 400 clients globally and is tailored specifically for startup founders, legal professionals, investors, auditors, and wealth managers in their collaborative efforts with clients and stakeholders, all while ensuring that confidentiality remains paramount. This platform allows for the secure exchange of essential confidential documents for a variety of reasons, enabling users to maintain control over who can view and edit the information. It fosters effective collaboration among stakeholders and is designed to be user-friendly for everyone involved. Additionally, AGORA Trust Room is built on secure Swiss technology and is hosted in an ISO 27001-certified and GDPR-compliant data center located in Switzerland, ensuring the highest standards of data protection and privacy. As a result, users can trust that their sensitive information is well-protected while they focus on their business objectives.

Digify offers user-friendly virtual data rooms that can be set up in mere minutes, ensuring secure document sharing for thousands of companies with their clients, partners, and investors. Their solution effectively merges document security features, file tracking functionalities, and automated watermarking, all at a competitive price point. Moreover, Digify has received the esteemed RSA Innovation Sandbox award for its contributions to security innovation and has been highlighted in over 60 media outlets, further establishing its reputation in the industry. This recognition showcases not only the quality of their services but also their commitment to enhancing data security across various sectors.

Brainloop DealRoom guarantees the transparency of information during transactions while maintaining high security. This robust solution is specifically designed for mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and due diligence processes. As you navigate the complexities of an IPO, acquisition, or thorough examination, it is crucial to safeguard all sensitive information and meticulously log every step of the process. To ensure a successful M&A deal, it is essential that investors, lawyers, consultants, and customers can anonymously access sales documents, while bids remain confidential until the very end. The Brainloop DealRoom serves as a virtual data room that facilitates secure data exchanges, accommodating large volumes of information at every stage of a transaction. By utilizing this platform, you can confidently manage your information security and streamline the transaction process, ultimately leading to successful outcomes in M&A endeavors.

WebVision is a highly secure and flexible cloud-based content management system (CMS) and investor portal designed specifically for asset managers, offering vital access to marketing resources, fund performance metrics, and extensive reporting capabilities. This innovative platform can function as a module for fund or investor reporting that seamlessly integrates with an existing website, or it can be tailored into a completely custom site crafted by the design specialists at Imagineer. With its powerful online portal, the system automates communications effortlessly for both investors and potential clients. WebVision operates autonomously, with the ability to import data from various proprietary systems or customer relationship management (CRM) platforms, and can also be fully integrated with Clienteer to boost control and automation features. Additionally, the platform incorporates the Fiveblocks reputation management tool, which aids in monitoring user engagement, maintaining your online reputation, and strengthening your brand identity. By utilizing these advanced features, asset managers can not only fulfill client expectations but also optimize their operational workflows for greater efficiency. Overall, WebVision stands out as a comprehensive solution that enhances both the client experience and the asset management process.

Boost your productivity and accelerate your processes with cutting-edge VDR features designed for secure file sharing and streamlined M&A due diligence. Should you have a vast amount of information scattered across various locations that needs to be uploaded, you can relax. SmartRoom offers a comprehensive suite of tools that guarantees your data is uploaded quickly and organized systematically. This efficiency enables you to concentrate on crucial tasks instead of getting lost in mundane activities. A range of applications is available to enhance your workflows, and SmartRoom is aware that human errors can happen; therefore, it includes strong security measures to detect and address such issues. You will have complete visibility and control over all documents and user interactions, both within the platform and externally. Your sensitive data is safeguarded against unauthorized access, ensuring you can operate with confidence. Moreover, SmartRoom's advanced technology provides a smooth user experience, significantly improving collaboration and team productivity, which is essential in today’s fast-paced environment. With these features, you can transform how you manage and share information.

Enhance your transaction efficiency with our award-winning financial compliance software, which includes a secure, user-friendly virtual data room designed to improve security, streamline processes, and boost overall usability. Our cutting-edge Venue secure VDR and data room solutions support M&A due diligence, improve negotiation results, and reduce costs for strategic transactions, all while safeguarding data privacy through features like auto-redaction and self-launching capabilities. With a quick setup and an easy-to-navigate interface, our VDR platform leverages AI and machine learning to speed up deal closures. Constantly optimized for peak performance, our virtual data rooms are backed by experienced regional specialists dedicated to your success. Transform your data room provider into a key player on your deal-making team, ensuring you have full oversight and transparent pricing. Our virtual deal room allows you to seamlessly self-launch multiple transactions, easily perform bulk uploads, and enjoy clear pricing with immediate file-level page counts, among many other useful features. Experience the transformative benefits of advanced virtual data rooms that make your financial transactions not only more efficient but also significantly more secure, while keeping up with the evolving landscape of digital finance.

TrueDataShare™ virtual data room combines advanced security features with impressive speed, all presented in a stylish and intuitive interface. Specifically designed for professionals in corporate finance, regulated industries, and global corporations, it offers performance that is 40% faster than many leading virtual data room alternatives. Users can effortlessly access its capabilities from multiple devices within moments, ensuring convenience and efficiency. The platform prioritizes the protection of your data against cyber threats and external risks, employing stringent controls to maintain the highest standards of confidentiality. Its user-centric design not only simplifies the process of sharing information but also enhances enjoyment and productivity. TrueDataShare™ maintains a perfect blend of elegance and usability, addressing the diverse needs of its users. Recognizing that your organization flourishes on agility, adaptability, and a competitive edge—along with our commitment and expertise—we allow you to focus on your core objectives by optimizing transactions and facilitating operations smoothly. In an ever-evolving landscape, TrueDataShare™ guarantees that you remain at the forefront while effectively managing sensitive data. Additionally, our commitment to ongoing innovation means that users can expect regular updates and enhancements to keep pace with the changing demands of the market.

Right2Data Virtual Data Room (VDR) is a cutting-edge, secure online document management platform tailored to Indian business needs and gaining recognition worldwide. Conceptualized and developed by Right2Vote Infotech Pvt. Ltd, it offers an affordable alternative to high-cost international VDRs, with a strong focus on regulatory compliance and security within the Indian context. The platform extends its offerings to global businesses seeking a virtual data room that adheres to Indian regulatory and operational standards. Its intuitive user interface simplifies secure document sharing by providing instant OTP access and seamless navigation that requires no specialized training. Users can establish fully functional data rooms in under 20 minutes, leveraging bulk upload features to rapidly populate content. Permission management is made easy through smart group creation, enabling precise control over who can access sensitive documents. The encrypted Q&A feature facilitates secure, real-time collaboration among authorized participants. Right2Data VDR is scalable to support the growth and complexity of modern businesses. The platform removes complexity and enhances efficiency for legal, financial, and compliance teams handling confidential information. Overall, it provides a reliable, user-friendly, and compliant virtual data room solution for Indian and international organizations alike.

ShareFile Virtual Data Room is a cloud-based platform tailored to manage intricate and sensitive business dealings. It integrates high-level data protection with outstanding customer support available round the clock, enabling secure exchanges of confidential data while providing thorough IT management. By utilizing ShareFile VDR, organizations can streamline their approval and feedback workflows, thereby improving operational efficiency and increasing overall productivity. With around 88% of internal security incidents arising from human errors, the threat of hacking is considerable, and a single breach can cost companies as much as $8.64 million. The challenge of reconciling the flexibility of remote work with the necessity of stringent file security is addressed by the Virtual Data Room, which offers comprehensive enterprise-grade controls to manage access, storage, and distribution of sensitive information. Features like view-only permissions, detailed user access configurations, and dynamic watermarking give users full oversight of their data, ensuring effective protection of sensitive materials. In the rapidly evolving digital environment, possessing such extensive tools is vital for sustaining business integrity and fostering trust among stakeholders. Ultimately, organizations that prioritize data security while enabling efficient collaboration will find themselves better equipped to navigate the complexities of modern business transactions.

CapLinked is a premier Virtual Data Room solution that streamlines the management of business transactions in the cloud, enhancing speed, safety, and efficiency. The platform provides businesses with user-friendly tools designed for a variety of needs, including capital raising, asset sales, mergers and acquisitions, real estate transactions, investor and board reporting, and business development negotiations, among other intricate business dealings. Recognized for its excellence, The Wall Street Journal labeled CapLinked as "the best place to set up and close deals," while Inc. Magazine included it in its list of the Top 5 Back-Office Tech Innovations. Established in Los Angeles in 2010, CapLinked was co-founded by Eric M. Jackson, who served as PayPal's first US marketing head, and Christopher Grey, a seasoned professional in investment banking and private equity. Their visionary leadership has propelled CapLinked to the forefront of virtual transaction management, making it a trusted choice for companies around the globe.

FirmRoom is an online data room solution that operates in the cloud, designed to assist organizations in handling due diligence and various information-heavy processes. This cloud-based platform provides secure management of documents and facilitates file sharing. Users can collaborate effortlessly through features such as drag-and-drop functionality, bulk uploads, and intelligent search capabilities. Additional important features include data tracking and analytics, comprehensive audit trails, and the option for customized notifications to keep users informed. By streamlining these processes, FirmRoom enhances overall efficiency and security for teams working with sensitive information.

Transform your next M&A deal with VDRPro by Intralinks, the premier virtual data room (VDR) recognized across the sector. Accelerate your transaction process using features such as automated configuration, customized workflows, and real-time insights that identify and evaluate your most interested buyers. Boost your efficiency with our revamped, intuitive interface while securing your project with Intralinks' unparalleled security specifically designed for Mergers & Acquisitions experts. Quickly upload various multimedia assets, including facility tours and executive presentations, to your VDR within moments, and benefit from seamless integration with Zoom to facilitate better collaboration. This all-encompassing solution is expertly crafted to cater to the evolving demands of today’s dealmakers, ensuring they have all the tools needed to succeed. With VDRPro, you can confidently manage your transactions while focusing on strategic decision-making.