Top Deskle Alternatives

All teams can efficiently oversee projects and collaborate seamlessly with one another. Essential work tools are designed to be simple and easy to integrate. Collaborate on a distinctive feed that organizes your work updates in chronological order, much like a social media timeline. This organization allows everyone to effortlessly navigate through various projects and tasks. Say goodbye to misplaced documents and the hassle of repeatedly sending work files. You can attach crucial files and information to a post and pin it for quick access. Interact with your team through comments to gather their insights and suggestions. Additionally, you can arrange both virtual and in-person meetings with all members. Just add a location and a video conferencing link through Zoom or Microsoft Teams integrations. Plus, you can configure notifications to remind you of upcoming events. Extend invitations to external collaborators via email or link, ensuring that teamwork remains straightforward and efficient. This way, your workflow stays consistent, whether you are working from a web browser, desktop, or mobile device. With these features, collaboration becomes not only simpler but also more engaging for everyone involved.

ClickUp represents the next generation of workplace solutions, offering a comprehensive suite that includes tasks, documents, goals, and much more. In an era where data silos and redundant expenditures are increasingly intolerable, ClickUp consolidates all your work within a single platform. This all-in-one application can effortlessly replace multiple tools, making it an indispensable asset for any team. Whether your projects involve sprint management or ad proofing, ClickUp is adaptable to fit teams of all sizes. Additionally, ClickUp AI serves as an innovative writing assistant, capable of aiding in various tasks such as text summarization, idea generation, and the creation of diverse types of content. This versatile platform is designed for teams across different industries and is fully customizable to meet their specific needs. It stands out as an essential resource for teams aiming to oversee every facet of design and development from a singular location. With advanced modularity offered through add-ons known as "ClickApps," teams can achieve a level of customization that enhances their workflow significantly. Moreover, ClickUp enables users to craft custom views that are easily saved and shared, fostering collaboration. Its unique features, including Assigned Comments, LineUp™, and Box view, facilitate exceptional management of team dynamics and project tasks. Ultimately, ClickUp transforms the way teams operate by streamlining processes and enhancing productivity.

Reactiv SUITE enhances audience interaction in remote or hybrid meetings by enabling direct communication rather than just presenting a slide deck. Attendees prefer engaging with you over passively observing; thus, you can control your camera and position yourself next to your content, avoiding the limitations of being a mere thumbnail. This platform fosters an immersive meeting environment, allowing you to display, organize, manipulate, and annotate materials as easily as you would with paper. You can present various types of information, effortlessly navigate to any topic, and gather feedback without the constraints of outdated screen sharing methods. Additionally, you can record video messages for convenient distribution via email or social media, enhancing your communication reach. The 'Digital Table' feature facilitates an interactive experience, allowing you to showcase diverse content dynamically. Meanwhile, the 'Digital Wall' empowers you to pin files and design layouts that effectively convey your ideas during virtual meetings, using multimedia and diagrams instead of relying solely on static notes, thus better capturing your creative vision. This innovative approach not only revitalizes your presentations but also ensures that your audience remains engaged and invested in the conversation.

Ravetree is an all-in-one platform built specifically for client service businesses that need advanced project management, budgeting, and billing—far beyond generic tools. Forecast project budgets, track actual spend, and get instant insights into fees, costs, and profitability with powerful visualizations and reports. This clarity helps you make informed decisions and keep projects financially on track. Ravetree’s robust time tracking and billing features offer unmatched flexibility. Create time logs in one click, assign them to projects or clients, and manage approvals with custom workflows. Set up client-specific rate cards with start and end dates for billing accuracy and consistency. Assign multiple team members to the same task—each with their own bill rate, work role, and time estimate—so you accurately reflect every specialist’s unique contribution and cost. Generate invoices directly from approved time logs and expenses, with seamless QuickBooks integration for efficient financial management. Benefit from advanced resource planning, real-time project visibility, and customizable dashboards—eliminating the need for spreadsheets and disconnected tools. With unlimited file storage, secure client portals, and real-time collaboration, Ravetree keeps your team and clients connected and informed throughout every project. Whether you manage creative, digital, or consulting projects, Ravetree is the ideal solution for businesses that need a platform that truly supports their needs and drives client satisfaction.

Unleash your team's full potential by enhancing engagement, collaboration, recognition, and community through Assembly. Our innovative platform has supported countless organizations in dismantling communication barriers, fostering collaboration among peers and cross-functional teams, and celebrating achievements together! By utilizing Assembly, you can invigorate your team and experience the advantages of heightened productivity, improved communication, and a fortified sense of community. Overcome the challenges of information overload by streamlining your communication processes. Empower your team to effectively share knowledge, making announcements seamless for all departments and locations, ensuring everyone stays informed and in control. Access vital information with ease; eliminate the frustration of tedious searches. Our streamlined intranet workplace search enables you to effortlessly store, locate, and manage documents or presentations across various tools and applications. Simplify your workflows and reclaim your time by automating repetitive tasks. From scheduling quarterly engagement surveys to enhancing the feedback loop and automating the onboarding process, we have all your needs covered. Ensure timely recognition of milestones and anniversaries by automating these moments with Assembly. You’ll never miss celebrating an employee’s birthday or work anniversary again, allowing your team to feel appreciated at all times. This level of recognition fosters a positive work atmosphere and strengthens team bonds.

Bordio is a software solution tailored for project management, aimed at assisting teams in organizing their projects and tasks with greater efficiency. This task management platform enables users to layout their team's weekly agenda using an interactive project planning calendar, prioritize activities through a kanban board, and set meeting reminders—all within a single cohesive system. Envision the simplicity of dragging and dropping tasks into your digital calendar, color-coding them for enhanced clarity on current priorities and forthcoming obligations. Need to arrange a meeting? You can easily do so within Bordio’s work board, simplifying your workflow by reducing the reliance on multiple applications. Furthermore, the platform allows for real-time communication within a task, ensuring that all discussions and documents remain organized and within easy reach. Bordio’s integration with Google Calendar further amplifies its capabilities by providing a consolidated view of all your schedules. This project management tool not only presents an economical option for thorough work management but also functions as both a team management software and a project tracker, facilitating the management of workloads, monitoring of progress, and ensuring timely project completion. With features such as the task tracker and team task planner, Bordio empowers users to oversee the advancement of each task effectively. In addition, the collaborative aspects of the platform foster a more engaged and productive team environment.

Miro is designed to align your team's thinking seamlessly. As a virtual whiteboard and collaboration platform, it enhances the cooperative efforts of cross-functional teams in generating exceptional outcomes. Unlike video conferencing tools, Miro focuses solely on facilitating collaboration among team members who may be spread across different locations and time zones, ensuring that they can effectively share and develop their ideas even when not physically together. This platform boasts over 200 ready-to-use templates for idea capture and visualization, along with features such as comments, chat, screen sharing, and integration with widely-used business applications. Additionally, Miro AI acts as a powerful catalyst for your team, allowing you to maximize your creativity and efficiency beyond previous limits. By leveraging Miro AI, you can transform your innovative concepts into reality, making it an essential resource for enhancing your team's collaborative spirit and inventive potential. With Miro, the future of teamwork is bright and full of endless possibilities.

GoodDay is an innovative work management platform that integrates top-notch tools for strategic planning, project and product oversight, task coordination, and enhancing productivity. Its foundation lies in principles of transparency, agility, and fostering motivation among users. By prioritizing these values, GoodDay aims to streamline workflows and boost overall efficiency.

Jira serves as a project management platform that enables comprehensive planning and tracking for your entire team’s efforts. Atlassian’s Jira stands out as the premier choice for software development teams aiming to effectively plan and create outstanding products, earning the trust of countless teams. It provides a variety of features designed to assist in the planning, tracking, and launching of top-notch software. In addition, Jira facilitates the organization and management of issues, task assignments, and the monitoring of team progress. The tool seamlessly integrates with leading development software, ensuring complete traceability from start to finish. Whether tackling minor tasks or extensive cross-department initiatives, Jira empowers you to decompose substantial ideas into actionable steps. It allows for effective organization of workloads, milestone creation, and dependency management. By linking tasks to overarching goals, team members can easily understand how their individual contributions align with the broader company objectives, ensuring everyone stays focused on what truly matters. Furthermore, with the aid of AI, Atlassian Intelligence proactively recommends tasks, streamlining the process of bringing your ambitious ideas to fruition. This not only enhances productivity but also fosters a collaborative environment among team members.

monday work management is a powerful cloud-based platform designed to help organizations manage projects, processes, and resources in a centralized workspace. It enables teams to connect their daily tasks with broader business goals, improving alignment and execution. The platform supports a wide range of use cases, including project management, task tracking, resource planning, and business operations. It provides real-time visibility into work progress, potential risks, and performance metrics, allowing for informed decision-making. monday work management includes automation features that reduce manual work and streamline workflows. It offers customizable dashboards, reports, and workflows, allowing businesses to tailor the platform to their needs. The system integrates with over 200 applications, ensuring seamless collaboration across different tools and teams. It is designed to support organizations across various industries and functions. The platform enhances communication and coordination by centralizing all work processes. It also includes AI-powered features that help identify risks, categorize tasks, and generate project plans. monday work management improves efficiency by standardizing processes and assigning clear ownership. It enables organizations to scale operations while maintaining control and visibility. By combining flexibility, automation, and real-time insights, it helps businesses optimize performance and achieve their strategic objectives.

Founded in 2003, Digital Samba builds privacy-first video conferencing solutions shaped by Europe’s strict data protection standards and trusted across the globe. With zero tracking, strong security, and long-term reliability, our mission is to make secure digital communication effortless. We offer two ways to use our technology: a free, ready-to-go platform for meetings, virtual classes, trainings, webinars, and events; and Digital Samba Embedded, a powerful API and SDK that lets organisations embed fully customisable, branded video conferencing directly into their apps and platforms. Our minimalist design delivers maximum functionality: HD video and audio, screen sharing, breakout rooms, interactive whiteboards, AI-powered captions and summaries, polling, Q&A, shared notes, and secure cloud recordings. For developers, advanced options such as full white labelling, CNAME support, APIs, and webhooks enable seamless integration and total brand control. With 99.99% uptime, intelligent bandwidth management, and enterprise-grade safeguards like end-to-end encryption, anonymised IDs, token-based access, and TLS encryption, Digital Samba ensures private, reliable communication at scale. From healthcare and education to high-profile international events, we deliver secure, flexible, and user-friendly video conferencing built for today’s connected world.

Method Grid is an innovative platform that harnesses AI to enhance knowledge and project management, enabling teams to optimize their project and service delivery by integrating knowledge, expertise, and advanced technology. Teams can work together to develop comprehensive playbooks that outline the processes for executing specific projects and services, allowing them to utilize their collective insights and expertise effectively. With Method Grid, you can transform your projects by designing customizable playbooks that cater to the unique requirements of each client. This platform simplifies the process of showcasing your organization’s skills and knowledge in a manner that addresses the particular needs and challenges of your clientele, ultimately driving success in project execution.

TeamRetro helps agile teams run better retrospectives and continuous improvement meetings. Scrum Masters, Agile Coaches, engineering leaders, and cross-functional teams use TeamRetro to reflect on what’s working, identify challenges, and agree on practical actions that improve how teams collaborate and deliver results. It’s designed for distributed, hybrid, and in-person teams. The platform supports a variety of agile ceremonies, including retrospectives, team health checks, maturity model assessments based on established frameworks, and estimation meetings. Built-in facilitation guidance helps moderators structure sessions and keep discussions focused, while participants can easily share feedback, vote on ideas, and prioritize improvements together. TeamRetro helps teams move from discussion to action. Participants can propose improvement actions, gain team buy-in through voting, and track progress over time to ensure accountability and follow-through. Automated grouping organizes similar feedback during retrospectives, making it easier for teams to identify common themes and focus on the most important issues. To keep sessions engaging, TeamRetro includes built-in icebreakers, check-in and check-out questions, and a kudos feature that encourages peer recognition and positive team culture. AI-powered capabilities support facilitators by generating instant summaries, suggesting potential actions based on discussion topics, and highlighting insights into team sentiment and patterns. Over time, cross-team analysis helps organizations identify trends, measure team health, and uncover opportunities for broader improvement. TeamRetro integrates with more than 14 workflow tools commonly used by engineering teams, helping connect retrospective outcomes with everyday work systems. Built for organizations of all sizes, TeamRetro is enterprise-ready with SOC 2 Type II compliance, GDPR support, and flexible data hosting options in either the EU or US.

Walling acts as a vibrant visual tool that helps you organize your thoughts, oversee tasks, and obtain a comprehensive perspective on your projects through collaborative visual walls. The captivating design of these walls promotes clarity and offers valuable insights into your ideas as well as the specifics of your projects. Tailored for your concepts, initiatives, and research endeavors, Walling allows you to compare your thoughts side by side, providing a wider lens through which to view your work. You can curate an orderly collection of bookmarks on your wall while also crafting eye-catching mood boards with ease. By assembling bookmarks and designing mood boards, you can depict the full scope of your projects, plans, tasks, research, creative briefs, and much more, all organized in a singular space. Walling streamlines the process of navigating through tasks, plans, and research, thus reducing the need for excessive clicks to access your ideas. Furthermore, you can invite your team or clients to collaborate in real time on your walls, where they can share their insights and feedback, or you can distribute a public link to your wall for wider viewing. This collaborative aspect not only fosters teamwork but also enhances the creative journey, making it simpler to transform ideas into reality, and ultimately, it cultivates an environment for innovation and productive brainstorming.

Futuramo empowers teams to effectively oversee their tasks, allocate responsibilities, document issues, and track time usage. Offering a wide range of essential project management tools specifically designed for creative groups, Futuramo significantly improves the collaborative experience. Its applications promote faster communication and the exchange of ideas, resulting in enhanced teamwork. You can work together effortlessly with your colleagues and clients on shared assignments, reducing interruptions. Take advantage of features like Tasks, Visual Tickets, and Time Tracker to improve your workflow efficiency. Built to encourage collaboration among diverse team members, Futuramo’s smart applications enable users to work together on projects, exchange tasks and tickets, and assign duties. By integrating Futuramo into your operations, you can simplify workflows and create a more seamless experience for everyone on your team, ultimately leading to a more efficient and productive work atmosphere. This innovative platform not only saves time but also boosts the quality of outputs from collaborative efforts.

Zoho Sprints serves as a streamlined agile planning and tracking solution designed to facilitate adaptability while ensuring timely product delivery. This tool empowers teams to embrace change and efficiently break down tasks into user stories, enabling them to generate incremental value. By gathering early feedback, teams can ensure that their products align with customer desires. Rapid shipping of products is emphasized, with features like release reports to assist in planning and monitoring progress. The integration with Jenkins and the release management module guarantees that no details fall through the cracks. Users can visualize their progress through various boards, including the Scrum Board and Sprint Dashboard, with the added option to tailor workflows according to team requirements and access detailed swimlane views. Effective collaboration among cross-functional teams is critical within agile methodologies, and the status timeline feature helps pinpoint bottlenecks, promoting a culture of ongoing improvement and efficiency. Ultimately, Zoho Sprints not only enhances workflow management but also nurtures a dynamic environment conducive to innovation and responsiveness.

Conceptboard offers an innovative online whiteboard that enhances visual collaboration among users. With a variety of features designed to simplify board management, it enables smooth teamwork both in real-time and synchronously. This platform is perfect for conducting remote design thinking sessions, working on low-fidelity prototypes, gathering feedback, and refining ideas. Additionally, Conceptboard's enterprise solutions enhance collaboration across different teams and departments, making it an essential tool for organizations of any size. Its advanced security features ensure that your projects remain safe and confidential, fostering an environment conducive to innovation. Furthermore, Conceptboard serves as a versatile visual workspace that can seamlessly adapt to the needs of its users while centralizing cross-functional project management. Explore our comprehensive library of templates to kickstart your projects effectively.

Welcome to your new virtual workspace: a platform designed to ensure that everyone is on the same page, quite literally. Say goodbye to the tediousness of dull text conversations. Step into the future of communication—it's more captivating, immersive, and enjoyable than you've ever experienced. There's no need to start afresh; you can effortlessly use a pre-designed ALLO space to get started. Take advantage of fast and reliable video conferencing, prompt desktop notifications, and a host of other features! You can conveniently launch ALLO from your dock or taskbar. By combining several of our vital tools, ALLO brings together the best aspects of platforms like Trello, Miro, and PowerPoint, greatly boosting our productivity while making our daily tasks easier. With ALLO, collaboration transforms into not only an efficient process but also a joyful adventure for every team member involved. This innovative platform ensures that teamwork is both seamless and engaging, paving the way for creative and impactful outcomes.

Samepage, a celebrated collaboration platform designed for teams, empowers users to work together effectively and enhance productivity. This software caters to teams of all sizes, providing a range of online collaboration features like video calls, task organization, and document sharing. Additionally, it seamlessly integrates with leading business applications, enabling users to streamline their workflows efficiently. By utilizing Samepage, teams can improve communication and coordination in their projects.

Standuply serves as your virtual Agile Development Assistant within Slack and Microsoft Teams, streamlining standup meetings and retrospectives along with over 20 Agile and HR processes tailored for remote teams. This bot can conduct scrum events either on a set schedule or asynchronously, making it highly adaptable to your workflow. With robust integrations like Atlassian Jira and Trello, Standuply effortlessly connects your standups to a wealth of tools. It also tracks agile metrics on tasks, provides analytics and insights on responses, and offers a variety of additional functionalities. Getting started is a breeze, as no credit card information is necessary. You can enjoy a 30-day free trial of Standuply in both Slack and Microsoft Teams, which encompasses all features, a product demonstration, and around-the-clock customer support. Plus, this trial allows teams to experience the full capabilities of Standuply before making a commitment.

When communication, files, and project assets are scattered across multiple platforms, it often leads to information gaps, ambiguity, and difficulties in managing projects effectively. In contrast, bringing all work together in one centralized location creates a single, reliable source of information, guaranteeing that communication, tasks, and documents are easily accessible to all stakeholders. This integration facilitates smoother project execution! You can kick off a project for a variety of purposes—ranging from internal meetings and marketing campaigns to client interactions or even organizing office parties. After establishing the project, you can invite the necessary team members and utilize the right tools to maximize efficiency. With complete transparency for your project team, nothing is overlooked, promoting a seamless flow of progress! While many project management tools often neglect client engagement, Project.co places a strong emphasis on client collaboration, recognizing it as vital for achieving success. Additionally, you can incorporate essential features like discussions, tasks, files, payments, time tracking, and notes into every project. You also have the flexibility to integrate other existing tools, creating a rich workspace where everyone remains informed and actively participates. This comprehensive strategy not only boosts productivity but also nurtures stronger relationships with clients, ultimately leading to higher satisfaction and loyalty. By ensuring that all parties are aligned, you set the stage for more successful outcomes in your projects.

Consolidate various services and applications into one cohesive ecosystem with Bitrix24: Unlock essential tools for your business. You will find features such as the Activity Stream, Group Chat, Calendars, Workgroups, and a multitude of collaboration resources at your fingertips. Bitrix24 ensures that your projects are not only planned but also executed punctually and efficiently. It is accessible both online and on-premise, with the added bonus of open-source code visibility. Whether you have a large workforce or a small team, it offers effective task management along with time tracking, templates, reminders, reporting, and task dependencies. As the world's most widely used free CRM, with an impressive user base of 12 million and counting, it provides real-time support tools that enhance customer satisfaction and encourage repeat business. Furthermore, anyone can effortlessly design beautiful websites, landing pages, and online stores without needing any coding skills. The package even comes with a complimentary domain name and hosting. Additionally, you have the option to operate Bitrix24 on your own server, giving you further control over your business operations. This flexibility allows for a tailored experience that meets your specific needs.

GroupMap is a secure, online tool designed for real-time planning and response, catering to facilitators, educators, and managers aiming to enhance productivity and effectiveness in various scenarios. This platform is ideal for activities such as group brainstorming, virtual meetings, workshops, strategic planning, collaborative team meetings, facilitated discussions, innovation sessions, educational training, agile retrospectives, and polling. Its distinctive technology effectively mitigates information overload and curtails groupthink, while also eliminating distractions and conflicts that often arise in traditional collaboration methods. By focusing on the collective input of participants, GroupMap fosters more concentrated and productive discussions, with all outcomes visible in real-time without the need for manual data compilation. Moreover, it is versatile enough to be employed in both in-person gatherings and virtual settings, making it a valuable asset for any collaborative endeavor. Users can expect a seamless experience that encourages engagement and drives better decision-making, regardless of the context in which they are operating.

Bluescape caters to a wide range of users, including creative agencies, media and entertainment professionals, marketers, and design teams. It serves as an invaluable tool for individuals, from solo content creators to expansive production teams and large corporate groups. Whether you're working on a small project or a major production, Bluescape is designed to enhance collaboration and creativity across the board.

Orangescrum is a secure, enterprise-grade project and operations management platform built for organizations that manage complex programs, regulated workflows, and large workforces. Designed for PSUs, Government departments, Manufacturing enterprises, Construction & Infrastructure firms, ITES, and Shared Services organizations, Orangescrum brings structure, visibility, and control to every layer of execution. By unifying planning, approvals, workforce management, cost governance, and delivery intelligence in one centralized platform, Orangescrum enables enterprises to move from reactive execution to predictable delivery.

Teamhood serves as a versatile project management platform suitable for teams working from any location. With its Kanban-inspired task board, users can easily visualize their ongoing projects and tasks. You have the ability to invite team members and monitor your progress, providing a clear snapshot of your project's status at any time. Customizable task boards enable you to tailor your workflow, while the option to add comments and documents keeps clients informed and engaged throughout the process. Additionally, real-time reports offer insight into current activities and project timelines, including estimations in both time and cost. Managing projects, tasks, and resources has never been more efficient or straightforward, allowing teams to focus on achieving their objectives.

Cloudairy is an innovative AI-driven platform designed to enhance collaboration among teams in fields like engineering, IT, sales, and UX design. It provides a versatile set of tools including diagramming, flowchart creation, mind mapping, and wireframing to visualize and design everything from cloud infrastructures to user experiences. Teams can collaborate in real-time using interactive features such as Kanban boards, user story mapping, and project timelines to manage and track progress. Cloudairy’s solutions extend to project management, strategic planning, and retrospectives, allowing teams to optimize workflows and execute projects efficiently. With features for visualizing sales funnels, managing IT processes, and designing cloud architectures for platforms like AWS and Azure, Cloudairy is an all-in-one workspace for diverse teams to innovate and execute seamlessly. The platform’s AI-powered assistance further enhances productivity, making it easy to streamline tasks and improve team performance.

Are you still on the lookout for a comprehensive tool that encompasses all the necessary features for managing your agile project? Gigsheets was specifically created by agile project managers to alleviate that challenge, allowing you to devote your energy to overseeing the project rather than grappling with the tool itself. Our mission is to simplify team management and enhance communication through built-in functionalities designed to meet the specific requirements of agile project management. With features like a built-in timer and diverse ticket options, Gigsheets provides an optimal structure to support and enhance your team's workflow. You can effortlessly monitor time and track progress while assigning roles and setting permissions for team members across various projects within your organization. Enjoy complete visibility into your project, and seamlessly export timesheets and generate release notes tailored to different sprints, projects, and timelines. Take charge of your workflow and become the hero of your team! Join Gigsheets today.

Mural is a digital platform aimed at enhancing visual collaboration within teams. It enables creative groups to conduct visual brainstorming sessions, allowing them to address significant challenges with greater efficiency. Users value Mural for its fast and user-friendly tools that facilitate the creation of diagrams, which are frequently utilized in design thinking and agile methodologies, along with features that boost the productivity of meetings and workshops. You can easily capture your ideas on sticky notes and then organize them into various formats such as lists, flowcharts, diagrams, frameworks, and illustrations to invigorate and unify your team. Mural ensures that whether participants are in the same location or distributed globally, meetings and workshops become more productive. Backed by a strong enterprise-level infrastructure and a dedicated customer support team, Mural enables organizations to scale their collaborative and innovative processes both efficiently and securely. Our distinct advantage lies in our unwavering commitment to delivering not only an exceptional product experience but also outstanding service to our users, thereby helping them achieve their collaborative objectives effortlessly. This balanced emphasis on both product quality and customer support differentiates us in the competitive realm of digital collaboration tools, making Mural a preferred choice for teams seeking to enhance their cooperative efforts. By prioritizing user satisfaction, we strive to continuously evolve and adapt to the changing needs of our customers.

GitScrum serves as an effective tool for overseeing projects within agile teams. Monitoring all delivered tasks is essential when utilizing Agile Methodology, as projects often involve numerous simultaneous tasks that may go unnoticed by the Scrum Master. By streamlining project management and task oversight, GitScrum enhances efficiency significantly. This platform, designed with Agile principles in mind, stands out as an optimal solution for organizations aiming to improve their project handling. Additionally, it can help teams adapt quickly to changes and foster better collaboration among members.